Knowledge Retrieval and Semantic Systems

Abstract Considering the importance and necessity of cybernetics in various subjects, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of the role of cybernetics in the marketing and development of information resources in university libraries. This research is of the correlation type and based on the method of obtaining the required data in the category of descriptive-survey research and according to its purpose, it is an applied research. The statistical population studied in this research are all managers and librarians of university libraries and students of information science and epistemology in Tehran city, based on Cochran's formula, the statistical sample size was determined to be 242 people. The sampling method is stratified random In order to measure the research variables, Birnbaum standard questionnaires (2013) were used. The validity of the questionnaire was determined using the opinions of experts and experts and their reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha of 91%. To test the hypotheses, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Spearman correlation, Friedman, Shannon entropy technique, chi-square and binomial test were used. The results showed that cybernetics and its components have an impact on the marketing and development of information resources in academic libraries. Among the cybernetic components, the leadership component has the most impact and hard and loose operations have the least impact on the marketing and development of information resources in academic libraries.

Abstract Abstract
purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the dimensions of the information security knowledge mechanism on The protection motivation, with psychological processes serving as a mediating factor, among employees of the National Iranian Drilling Company in Ahvaz. This research employed a descriptive-survey methodology. The statistical population consisted of all employees utilizing information systems within the company, totaling 3,200 individuals. A sample of 320 participants was selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected through a 32-item questionnaire developed by Mady et al. (2023). The proposed model was tested using SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 26. Findings indicated that knowledge breadth significantly influenced threat appraisal. Furthermore, knowledge depth and knowledge finesse significantly affected coping appraisal. Both threat appraisal and coping appraisal had a significant impact on protection motivation.
Finally, the mediating roles of threat appraisal and coping appraisal in the relationship between knowledge breadth, depth, and finesse with protection motivation were confirmed. As a result, continuous information security training—centered on psychological processes such as threat appraisal and coping appraisal—should be implemented to align employees of the National Iranian Drilling Company with security goals. Managers and decision-makers are encouraged to enhance employees’ protection motivation by developing structured programs that strengthen their information security knowledge—namely, knowledge breadth, depth, and finesse.
keywords: Information security, Protection motivation, National Iranian Drilling Company, Depth of knowledge, Psychological processes, Subtlety of knowledge, Breadth of knowledge.

Abstract This study aims to design and validate a model for implementing blockchain technology in organizational knowledge management and to examine the technological, organizational, and human factors influencing it. A mixed-methods, applied approach was adopted. In the qualitative phase, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 25 experts in technology and knowledge management and analyzed using NVivo 12 and thematic analysis at three levels: basic, organizing, and global themes. The qualitative findings informed the initial conceptual model. In the quantitative phase, a researcher-developed questionnaire was administered to 425 employees from Jihad Daneshgahi, the General Directorate of IT in Hamedan Province, and five knowledge-based companies. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26 and SmartPLS 4 through variance-based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Results showed that the path from antecedents to blockchain applications (β=0.784) and from applications to knowledge outcomes (β=0.665) was significant at the 99% confidence level. Model fit indices (SRMR=0.061, NFI=0.91, GOF=0.57) were acceptable, and the R² values for “applications” and “outcomes” were 0.615 and 0.442, respectively. Findings indicate that technological infrastructure, organizational support, legal frameworks, and technological readiness are critical prerequisites, while successful blockchain implementation enhances transparency, trust, organizational memory, and knowledge-based decision-making. This research provides practical insights for managers and policymakers seeking to implement blockchain-based knowledge management systems.

Abstract Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to examine the alignment of activities and services of the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology libraries with the goals and Upstream Documents.
Methodology: The research method are documentary and survey. The research approach is quantitative. In the first method, i.e. the documentary one, the content of upstream documents were examined. In the second part of the research, i.e. the survey method, the services and activities of central libraries affiliated with universities in provincial centers were investigated using a researcher-made questionnaire.
Findings: The comparison between the types of library services and the comprehensive scientific map of the country shows that these services have been able to meet the goals of these indicators to an average extent. These main fields are related to components such as: combining education with training, research, and skills; and development of science, technology, and innovation; The level of knowledge and scientific development is appropriate. Regarding MSRT's program, library services need to be upgraded, especially in related fields of scientific and technological success at the national and international levels With considering new educational and research approaches.
Conclusion: Library services in connection with the activities the upstream documents of the educational and research field of the MSRT need to be strengthened and improved. Providing up-to-date information resources, using new technologies, developing new information services, expanding research services, utilizing expert librarians, and providing specialized educational programs are among the development programs of academic libraries.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of digital gap, technological self - efficacy and digital resiliency on artificial intelligence literacy among teachers. the research method was descriptive and correlational. The population of the present study was all teachers of primary school in tabriz who were in the year 2025-2026, and 150 people were selected by random cluster sampling. To collect data, artificial intelligence literacy questionnaire (Rodríguez-De-Dios & et al, 2016), digital gap (Gupta & Srivastava, 2011), technological self - efficacy of Malaiei (2011) and Malaiei (2011) were used. Data were analyzed using pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between information literacy and digital gap, information literacy gap and access to information (P≥0.001). Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between artificial intelligence literacy and the ability of using tools and platforms, self - esteem in solving problems of innovation in using educational institutions and classroom management. finally, there is a positive and significant relationship between digital resiliency and artificial intelligence literacy. According to the results of the research, improving the knowledge literacy of teachers requires simultaneous attention to improving the availability of digital infrastructure and strengthening the individual abilities of teachers; therefore, reducing the digital gap in addition to professional empowerment programs with emphasis on increasing technological self - efficacy and digital resilience can play an effective role in the development of artificial intelligence in the educational system.

Abstract Decision support systems (DSSs) have evolved from data- and model-based tools into ‎increasingly intelligent, knowledge-driven, and context-aware systems, yet the field still lacks an ‎integrated representation of its historical development, conceptual hierarchy, and relational ‎organization. This study mapped DSS knowledge from 1980 to 2025 by integrating systematic ‎review, descriptive bibliometric analysis, structured qualitative content analysis, and weighted ‎co-occurrence network analysis. After systematic screening and quality appraisal, 644 English-‎language publications were analyzed. Hierarchical coding revealed a multilevel conceptual ‎structure comprising major and subordinate themes, while network reconstruction identified a ‎broad set of interconnected active concepts. Decision-making processes and phases, DSS ‎components, and technical and operational applications formed the dominant conceptual axes. ‎The network was dense but structurally unequal, and null-model comparisons indicated that ‎high clustering was largely attributable to degree heterogeneity, whereas the Borgatti–Everett ‎core–periphery pattern remained stronger than its degree-preserving reference. Artificial ‎intelligence, machine learning, and explainability occupied comparatively peripheral positions, a ‎pattern more consistent with their relative novelty and specialized linkages than with limited ‎scientific importance. The study provides an integrated multilayer representation of DSS ‎knowledge connecting the knowledge core, application and deployment, foundations and ‎structure, and transformation and development, thereby offering a basis for identifying ‎conceptual gaps and directing future research.‎

Abstract The purpose of this study is analysis and visualization of articles published on clinical research data management. It is an applied study conducted with a scientometric approach. The statistical population of this study includes all publicatioons conducted on research data management in the medical field indexed in the Clarivate Analytics and Scopus databases during 1990 to 2023. The data were collected through by saving the search results in Excel sheets, and the analysis was conducted using a combination of bibliometric tools, including ScientoPy, Ravar-matrix, VOSviewer, UCINET and Python software. The findings showed that the number of articles in Clarivate Analytics and Scopus has grown significantly over the period of 1990 to 2023. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany respectively rank first to third in production of research data management articles in the medical field. In general, the trend of publishing scientific products in the field of clinical research data management can be assessed as desirable. Identifying leading countries and researchers in the field of clinical research data management can assist policymaking and planning research related to this field.

Abstract Introduction
University libraries are among the most significant infrastructures supporting higher education, research productivity, and knowledge dissemination. In recent decades, rapid advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs), the growth of the Internet, and the increasing demand for remote access to scholarly materials have transformed traditional academic libraries into hybrid, electronic, and digital environments. Within this context, digital libraries have emerged as strategic institutions that facilitate timely, efficient, and equitable access to information resources regardless of geographical limitations.
Digital libraries are not merely repositories of digitized materials; rather, they are complex information systems that integrate technological infrastructure, digital collections, metadata standards, preservation mechanisms, and user-centered services. Their effectiveness largely depends on the quality, diversity, currency, accessibility, and subject coverage of their digital resources. For universities, especially those located in major metropolitan areas such as Tehran, digital libraries are expected to play a vital role in supporting teaching, learning, innovation, and scientific research.
Despite substantial investments in digital infrastructures, many academic institutions in developing contexts still face challenges such as outdated collections, insufficient policy frameworks, limited budgets, inadequate technical infrastructure, and a lack of coordinated collection development strategies. Therefore, evaluating the status of digital resources in university digital libraries is essential for evidence-based planning and improvement.
Accordingly, the present study aimed to examine the status of digital resources in the digital libraries of public universities in Tehran and to propose practical strategies for improvement. The study sought to answer the following fundamental research questions:

What is the status of digital resources in the digital libraries of public universities in Tehran in terms of format diversity, file types, currency, and subject coverage?
What are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) related to these digital resources?
What strategies can be proposed to improve the current condition of digital resources in these libraries?

Review of Literature
Previous studies indicate that digital libraries have become integral components of academic institutions worldwide. Research has emphasized that effective digital libraries enhance scholarly communication, facilitate access to electronic journals and books, and improve research output.
Domestic studies in Iran have shown that PDF remains the dominant format for textual resources, while JPEG is common for image-based materials. Other studies have reported that electronic books and journals receive the highest priority in collection development, whereas multimedia resources often remain underrepresented. Investigations into Iranian digital libraries have also highlighted persistent problems such as insufficient infrastructure, limited funding, lack of updated policies, and inadequate evaluation mechanisms.
International research similarly confirms that successful digital libraries require strong collection development policies, sustainable budgets, qualified staff, robust ICT infrastructure, and continuous assessment of user needs. Studies conducted in countries such as Nigeria, India, and Saudi Arabia have underscored the importance of strategic planning, staff training, technological investment, and balanced digital collections.
Although previous studies have addressed certain dimensions of digital libraries, fewer studies have comprehensively assessed digital resources from multiple perspectives, including content diversity, updating practices, and strategic environmental analysis. The present study attempts to fill this gap by offering a holistic evaluation of digital resources in Tehran’s public university digital libraries.
Methodology
This research was an applied study conducted using a survey design and a quantitative approach. In terms of data collection, it was a field study employing a researcher-developed checklist as the main instrument. The checklist consisted of ten sections covering demographic information, types of digital resource formats, availability of digital resources, file types, collection size, subject areas, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
Content validity was confirmed through expert review by specialists in library and information science. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, which demonstrated acceptable internal consistency.
The statistical population consisted of all digital libraries of public universities located in Tehran. Since the number of institutions was manageable, the study employed a census method rather than sampling. Nineteen university digital libraries were included in the final analysis.
Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS and spreadsheet software. Descriptive measures included frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Inferential tests included one-sample t-tests, Friedman ranking tests, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. In addition, SWOT analysis was used to formulate strategic recommendations.
Findings
The findings revealed that textual materials constituted the dominant content format in the digital libraries studied. Approximately 50% of libraries reported text as the primary format of their information resources. Multimedia and video resources were comparatively rare.
Regarding resource types, electronic books represented 25.4% of the reported digital resources, while electronic theses and dissertations were among the most widely available resources across institutions. All libraries reported the use of PDF as a major file format, indicating the overwhelming dominance of this standard.
In relation to collection updating, the highest increase during the month preceding data collection was observed in electronic theses/dissertations (84.2%) and electronic books (47.4%). However, many libraries reported no recent growth in electronic journals, audiovisual materials, or other specialized formats. This suggests that updating practices are uneven and relatively limited.
Concerning subject coverage, humanities resources accounted for 69% of reported digital materials, followed by science/engineering, medicine, arts, and other fields. This distribution reflects the disciplinary orientation of many public universities in Tehran, but also suggests imbalances in subject representation.
The SWOT analysis identified several strengths, including simultaneous access to resources, ease of access, the existence of written policies in some institutions, adequate backup procedures, and staff familiarity with ICT.
Major weaknesses included slow Internet speed, insufficient ICT infrastructure, lack of comprehensive software systems, shortage of hardware, budget limitations, and restricted institutional autonomy in resource acquisition.
Among external opportunities were expansion of ICT infrastructure, inter-library networking, becoming a national reference digital library system, user attraction through quality collections, and the possibility of interlibrary lending at national and international levels.
The principal threats included unilateral or unqualified staffing decisions, difficulties in subscription renewal, changing administrative policies, insufficient recognition of libraries’ developmental role, lack of access to databases, and financial instability.
Discussion and Conclusion
The results indicate that the digital libraries of public universities in Tehran currently resemble electronic libraries more than fully developed digital libraries. While they provide access to digitized textual materials, especially theses and electronic books, they still lack the diversity, technological maturity, interoperability, and strategic management expected of advanced digital library systems.
The dominance of PDF and text-based materials suggests that collection development has focused primarily on conventional scholarly outputs rather than multimedia, data-rich, or interactive resources increasingly required in contemporary higher education. Similarly, the limited updating of many collections raises concerns regarding resource currency and relevance.
The study further demonstrates that organizational and structural issues—such as limited autonomy, insufficient budgets, inadequate infrastructure, and inconsistent policy support—significantly constrain digital library development. These findings are consistent with previous national and international studies emphasizing that successful digital libraries require not only technology, but also governance, planning, and sustainable investment.
Based on the SWOT analysis, several strategic recommendations are proposed: expanding ICT infrastructure, increasing budgetary support, developing integrated software platforms, enhancing staff training, adopting clear collection development policies, strengthening inter-library cooperation, and diversifying resource formats beyond text-based materials.
In conclusion, although public universities in Tehran have taken meaningful steps toward digital transformation, substantial progress is still required before their libraries can be considered fully developed digital libraries. Continuous evaluation, strategic planning, and institutional commitment are essential to improving the quality and effectiveness of digital resources and ensuring that these libraries can adequately support research and education in the digital age.

Abstract Introduction Information dissemination refers to the presentation and transfer of information, especially new information, which requires awareness of the interests and needs of users and keeping their knowledge up-to-date or timely distribution of relevant and appropriate information in order to meet their needs (Trench, 1997). One of the factors affecting the dissemination of knowledge is digital transformation and new technologies. Therefore, studying the impact of these technologies and the digital transformation approach to the dissemination of organizational knowledge is of great importance. In the new digital space, libraries and librarians use interactive tools to become effective centers in the field of providing products and services. Library managers who are pioneers in the use of digital technology are different not only in their ability but also in their missions and visions. They view digitization not as a technological challenge but as a transformative opportunity (Racheal, 2020). Research Question(s) What are the knowledge dissemination indicators with the digital transformation approach using the meta-synthesis method, and how do experts evaluate the knowledge dissemination indicators with this approach? Literature Review A review of the literature in this area showed that various factors are effective in knowledge transfer with a digital transformation approach. Key factors of knowledge dissemination in digital transformation such as cultural and technological factors, obstacles to achieving the success of digital transformation, challenges of knowledge protection in the era of digital transformation, necessity of digital transformation in the success of knowledge management and knowledge sharing among organizations, knowledge generating factors, knowledge transfer actors and scientific media actors, the role of technology and its tools, artificial intelligence and digital innovation, and the resilience of organizations against changes caused by digital innovations, the role of communication and awareness and attitude towards using social networks in the success of knowledge dissemination are issues that have been examined separately in previous studies. In the research conducted, knowledge management and digital transformation have been generally studied, or a dimension of digital transformation in knowledge dissemination has been studied. In this research, knowledge dissemination in libraries has been studied more specifically with more comprehensive dimensions of digital transformation, and an attempt has been made to examine the factors affecting knowledge dissemination with a digital transformation approach in a more complete and comprehensive manner, so that they can be applied in the context of research and specialized libraries to disseminate knowledge more effectively. Methodology This study aimed to identify the components of knowledge dissemination with a digital transformation approach in libraries of research centers of nutrition sciences and food industries and is an applied study. A qualitative research approach was adopted and initially using the meta-synthesis method and Sandelowski and Barroso (2006) model, 351 relevant sources were identified and 50 studies were analyzed. After identifying the categories with the Delphi method, validation and presentation of final indicators were carried out. The data collection tool in the meta-synthesis stage is secondary data called past documents (including articles and theses) and in the Delphi stage is a questionnaire containing 80 components extracted from the meta-synthesis, which was used as closed questions on a five-point Likert scale and an open question at the end of each dimension. The study population in the Delphi section consisted of 20 experts in the fields of information science, and information technology, and sampling was done using a non-probability and purposeful method. Results In total, by examining 50 selected texts in the field of knowledge dissemination and digital transformation, combining the selected findings led to the extraction of about 870 codes, which were categorized based on repetition and similarity in the form of 80 subcategories in 27 main categories and 9 dimensions. Based on a survey among experts, 75 subcategories out of the final 80 extracted subcategories were agreed upon, and 5 subcategories did not reach final agreement and were eliminated. The main dimensions of knowledge dissemination with a digital transformation approach were presented, including the technological dimension, the cultural dimension, the organizational dimension, the process dimension, the security dimension, the communication dimension, the social dimension, the creativity and innovation dimension, and the managerial dimension. Discussion Technological readiness and knowledge dissemination are pillars of digital transformation. Digital organizations manage knowledge and encourage employees to produce it. IT managers are effective in advancing knowledge dissemination goals. Challenges include limitations in access to information and the need for a coherent strategic framework. Digital transformation is not only a technological transformation, but also a social phenomenon. In order to disseminate knowledge, libraries can identify new ways to create value and an innovative digital knowledge transfer process by accepting transformation and innovation and creating new ideas and creativity and new ideas. Libraries must evolve knowledge management practices in the digital age to succeed in disseminating knowledge. Conclusion The results of this study showed that the dimensions of technology and culture play an important role in the success of knowledge dissemination in digital transformation. Also, knowledge dissemination with digital transformation in libraries cannot be achieved by relying on technology alone, but requires a combination of strong infrastructure, rich culture, information security and integrated knowledge management, effective communications, and skilled, user-oriented, creative, and innovative human resources. According to the results of this study, focusing on user experience, changing the role of librarians, creating a data-driven culture and knowledge sharing, ensuring data security, and formulating an integrated digital strategy are essential for the development of libraries in the digital age.

Abstract Objective: This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the effective components on improving the quality of the student information service system at the information service desks of public universities in the country.
Methodology: The present study is philosophically based on the pragmatism model, which selected the components with a partial approach and finally selected the most effective ones by comparing them. In terms of purpose, it is an applied-developmental research. In order to achieve the goal, a mixed exploratory research design (qualitative-quantitative) was used. The population of participants in the qualitative section were information science and knowledge specialists and experienced managers of public universities in Tehran, who were selected using theoretical and purposeful sampling methods, and theoretical saturation was achieved by conducting 10 interviews. The statistical population of the quantitative section includes students of public universities in Tehran, whose sample size was estimated to be 384 people using the Cochran formula. The required sample size was provided by simple random sampling. Semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire were used to collect data. The service desk pathology model constructs were identified using qualitative content analysis in Maxqda 20 software, and the final model was validated using partial least squares in Smart PLS 3 software.

Abstract Introduction

In the age of digital transformation, libraries around the world are facing unprecedented challenges in the field of information organization. The rapid expansion of digital content, the emergence of intelligent technologies, and the increasing expectations of users for seamless access to information have made traditional cataloging methods inadequate. Conventional MARC-based cataloging systems—once the cornerstone of bibliographic control—are now struggling to meet the demands of interoperability, machine readability, and semantic connectivity in a networked environment. As the global information ecosystem moves toward the Semantic Web and Linked Data paradigms, libraries must redefine their role from being custodians of isolated bibliographic records to active participants in interconnected data infrastructures. This paradigm shift demands new strategies, standards, and technologies that can transform cataloging into an intelligent, user-centered, and collaborative process. The present study, titled “Experiences of Libraries and International Institutions in Information Organization: Lessons for Iranian Libraries, ” aims to analyze global best practices in information organization and to propose context-appropriate strategies for improving cataloging performance in Iranian libraries. Considering the stagnation of traditional cataloging systems in Iran—due to limited infrastructure, outdated software, and insufficient alignment with international standards—this research explores how successful international experiences can be localized to enhance efficiency, innovation, and user satisfaction.
Research Question(s)
The central research question guiding this study is: How can successful international experiences in information organization be used to develop effective strategies for updating cataloging processes, improving performance, and responding more efficiently to user needs in Iranian libraries? This question reflects the dual focus of the study: (1) identifying global best practices, and (2) transforming them into actionable, context-sensitive models suitable for Iran’s library environment.
 

Literature Review

Cataloging theory and practice—from rule-based descriptive systems to intelligent, semantically enriched frameworks. Early studies such as Esse (2013) and Pazouki (2014) emphasized the transition from AACR2 to RDA, highlighting the conceptual transformation toward the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) and the Library Reference Model (LRM). These frameworks redefined cataloging as a user-centered and relationship-oriented activity rather than a purely descriptive one. Meanwhile, Feldman and Spiteri (2014) envisioned the library catalog of the future as a social and collaborative space, where users actively participate through tagging, annotation, and content contribution. The human dimension of metadata creation—through participatory cataloging—has increasingly complemented automation and machine-driven processes. Recent research, including Roy et al. (2024) and Midde (2024), demonstrated the growing impact of artificial intelligence and machine learning on cataloging and classification. These technologies enhance metadata accuracy, automate subject analysis, and personalize user experiences through recommender systems. Similarly, Ullah et al. (2018) and OCLC (2024) outlined the integration of Linked Data and Open Data frameworks, which improve interoperability and reuse of bibliographic metadata across institutional and disciplinary boundaries. In the Iranian context, scholars such as Hejazi, Heydari, and Geraii (2019), Zarresaz (2021), and Taheri (2012) have identified major challenges facing cataloging modernization, including outdated infrastructure, lack of national coordination, limited adoption of global metadata standards, and insufficient professional training. Although these studies emphasized the need for reform, none have systematically examined how international experiences could be adapted to Iran’s context—a gap this research aims to fill.

Methodology

This research is applied in purpose and qualitative in approach, employing documentary analysis and thematic analysis methods. Data Collection: The corpus consisted of official documents, reports, technical manuals, and strategic plans published between 2019 and 2024 by eight leading international institutions in information organization:

Library of Congress (USA)
British Library
National Library of France (BnF)
German National Library (DNB)
National Library and Archives of Canada (LAC)
National Library of Australia (NLA)
OCLC (Online Computer Library Center)
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)

A total of 286 documents were retrieved from institutional websites and digital repositories. Each document was systematically coded using alphanumeric identifiers representing the institution and document type (e.g., R = Report, S = Strategy, G = Guideline, etc.).
Data Analysis
The data were analyzed through thematic analysis following the framework proposed by Attride-Stirling (2001) and Braun & Clarke (2006). The analysis proceeded in three iterative stages:

Basic Themes – extraction of meaningful textual units (codes) directly from documents.
Organizing Themes – clustering of related basic themes into broader conceptual groups.
Global Theme – synthesis of organizing themes into an overarching conceptual framework representing the essence of transformation in information organization. Triangulation across data sources and iterative verification by a secondary researcher ensured reliability and validity.
Results

The analysis revealed six major organizing themes that characterize global innovations in information organization and cataloging.

Open Bibliographic and Metadata Services Libraries

Increasingly provide open and reusable metadata through APIs, FTP protocols, and SPARQL endpoints, under Creative Commons or national open data licenses. Initiatives such as data.bnf.fr, British National Bibliography RDF Service, and OCLC WorldCat API exemplify how open access to metadata supports innovation, interoperability, and transparency. Collaborative projects like VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) and WikiLibrary further demonstrate global efforts toward shared metadata ecosystems.

Development of Controlled Vocabularies and Ontologies

Libraries have expanded and digitized subject vocabularies, classification schemes, and ontologies—such as LCSH, RAMEAU, GND, and FAST—transforming them into RDF- or SKOS-based web resources. These tools facilitate multilingual retrieval, semantic linking, and cross-domain search functionalities.

Standardization of Metadata Frameworks

The harmonization of bibliographic standards (RDA, ISBD, MARCXML, ONIX) and alignment with conceptual models like IFLA LRM are central to modern metadata architecture. The RDA 3R Project, ISBD-RDF/XML implementation, and UNIMARC-RDF exemplify initiatives aimed at ensuring cross-standard interoperability.

Implementation of Linked Data and Semantic Web Technologies

Many libraries now employ RDF, OWL, SKOS, and schema.org vocabularies to represent bibliographic entities as interconnected data nodes. The Library of Congress BIBFRAME project and the BnF Knowledge Graph (with over 600 million semantic relationships) showcase the transformation from isolated catalogs to global semantic networks.

Intelligent and Automated Processing

Artificial intelligence is being used to automate cataloging workflows, enhance metadata quality, and accelerate classification. Tools such as AutoDewey, RobotData (BnF), and OCLC AI-based metadata assistants use natural language processing and machine learning to assign subjects, extract entities, and detect inconsistencies. These innovations not only increase productivity but also redefine catalogers’ roles from data entry operators to metadata analysts.

Transformation of Metadata Production Models

Metadata creation is shifting from centralized manual input to distributed, participatory, and automated models. Libraries integrate metadata supplied by publishers (ONIX, CrossRef) and enable user contributions through crowdsourcing platforms. This hybrid approach balances machine efficiency with human contextual insight.
The global theme emerging from these categories is: “Transformation of Information Organization and Accessibility in the Digital Environment”. This theme encapsulates the move from static, isolated cataloging systems toward intelligent, networked, and user-driven infrastructures.

Discussion

The findings reveal that cataloging has evolved into a multidimensional process that integrates technology, collaboration, and intelligence. By adopting open standards and semantic web technologies, libraries enhance the discoverability, interoperability, and reusability of bibliographic data across digital ecosystems. Artificial intelligence introduces significant opportunities for automation, quality control, and personalized discovery. However, ethical considerations—such as data transparency, bias mitigation, and user privacy—must be addressed to ensure responsible adoption. Moreover, user participation in metadata creation enriches cultural and contextual diversity but necessitates robust quality assurance mechanisms. For Iranian libraries, these global experiences offer valuable insights. Despite having professional expertise and strong institutional traditions, Iranian cataloging systems remain largely confined to MARC-based infrastructures with limited semantic capabilities. To bridge this gap, a strategic re-engineering is essential—one that combines technological innovation with capacity building and policy reform. Key adaptation pathways include:
Migration to RDF-based and BIBFRAME-compliant

Cataloging platforms;
Development of a National Open Metadata Repository Providing APIs for reuse;
Integration of AI-assisted cataloging tools for subject analysis and metadata validation;
Implementation of publisher deposit and crowdsourcing systems to expand metadata coverage;
Launch of a National “WikiLibrary” project to connect Iranian metadata with global Linked Data initiatives;
Localization of ISBD and RDA standards to align international models with Persian language and script requirements.

Such initiatives would enable Iranian libraries to transition from isolated bibliographic systems to active contributors in the global knowledge network.

Conclusion

This study synthesizes the best international practices in information organization and demonstrates their applicability to Iran’s library ecosystem. The global trend reveals a decisive shift from descriptive, static cataloging toward intelligent, semantic, and collaborative infrastructures. By embracing open standards, artificial intelligence, and user participation, libraries can enhance both operational efficiency and user experience. For Iran, the path forward involves not merely technological adoption but a conceptual transformation—from maintaining catalogs as passive databases to constructing interconnected knowledge frameworks that align with the global Semantic Web. Implementing RDF-based systems, fostering interoperability, and developing human expertise will empower Iranian libraries to reclaim their central role in the digital knowledge landscape. Ultimately, the transformation envisioned by this study transcends technology; it represents a redefinition of librarianship itself—anchored in openness, intelligence, and collaboration.
 

Abstract Introduction Knowledge is one of the key factors in the success of organizations. The use of knowledge management in organizations is to quickly adapt to environmental changes. The continuous change in knowledge creates a new state of imbalance for organizations. In this situation, only organizations that can maintain their competitive advantage can survive, and maintaining competitive advantage and the survival of the organization is possible by using knowledge management. Knowledge management consists of the processes of creating, collecting, organizing, disseminating, constantly refining, and exploiting knowledge. By using modern technologies and systems, if we are not able to achieve all goals, such as increasing employee efficiency, increasing the level of organizational knowledge, updating knowledge, optimizing production, increasing the ability to solve organizational problems and issues, and other positive goals, we can achieve important parts of these goals. They may be technical or scientific and must be provided. Implementing knowledge management in any organization requires the existence of foundations that may be technical or scientific and must be provided. These technical fields can include computers and communication networks, and scientific fields can include the process of collecting and storing the knowledge needed by the organization. However, examining and studying these fields in order to create a knowledge management system and creating knowledge management is one of the initial steps. This research was conducted to assess the feasibility of implementing knowledge management in the Islamic Publicity Organization, based on the framework of the Asian Productivity Organization. Research Question(s) The main question is about the level of readiness of the Islamic Publicity Organization to establish knowledge management. Other questions are as follows: 1) What is the level of readiness of the Islamic Publicity Organization in terms of leadership? 2) What is the level of readiness of the Islamic Publicity Organization in terms of organizational processes? 3) What is the level of readiness of the Islamic Publicity Organization in terms of individuals? 4) What is the level of readiness of the Islamic Publicity Organization in terms of technology? 5) What is the level of readiness of the Islamic Publicity Organization in the dimension of knowledge processes? 6) What is the level of readiness of the Islamic Publicity Organization in the dimension of learning and innovation? 7) What is the level of readiness of the Islamic Publicity Organization in the dimension of knowledge management results? Literature Review Sadeghi et al. (2019) conducted a study in Iranian universities and found that information technology and leadership support are the most important factors in the success of knowledge management. In another study, Asgari et al. (2021) showed that senior managers and organizational culture play an important role in the success of knowledge management in Iranian technology-based companies. Also, continuous training and creating motivation for knowledge sharing improve organizational performance. Henz and Oliveira (2024) used the content analysis method for a systematic literature review on knowledge management implementation. Key findings indicate: (a) a need for more research into strategies, practices, and technology for aiding KM implementation and evaluation; and (b) the potential for testing models and frameworks in diverse contexts (country, sector, and size). In response to the analysis, a KM implementation roadmap was formulated, encompassing five stages: diagnosis, design, implementation, implementation improvement, and evaluation. Methodology The study was applied in nature and employed a descriptive–survey methodology, where theoretical information was collected through library studies and practical data were obtained using the standardized Knowledge Management Readiness Assessment Questionnaire developed by the Asian Productivity Organization, which holds confirmed validity and reliability. The Asian Productivity Organization (APO) is an intergovernmental organization committed to improving productivity in the Asia Pacific region. Established in 1961, the APO contributes to the sustainable socioeconomic development of the region through policy advisory services, acting as a think tank, and undertaking smart initiatives in the industry, agriculture, service, and public sectors. The statistical population consisted of experts and specialists from the Islamic Publicity Organization, and a sample of 131 individuals was selected using Morgan’s table. Results Results indicated that the organization’s readiness across all seven indices of the model was at the initial level: leadership (15.51), process (15.51), people (14.54), technology (17.57), knowledge processes (15.27), learning and innovation (14.75), and knowledge management outcomes (14.34). The highest level of readiness was observed in the technology dimension, suggesting easier and faster implementation. The total score of 107.49 confirmed that the organization as a whole is at the beginning stage of knowledge management readiness. Discussion Results indicate that all seven criteria, with slight differences from each other, are at the same level of readiness for implementing knowledge management in the Islamic Publicity Organization, and therefore, there is a relative balance between these criteria. Therefore, implementing knowledge management in the aforementioned organization will be easier than in organizations that differ significantly from each other in the seven criteria. Conclusion These findings demonstrated that despite this initial level, the organization possesses the potential to pursue implementation, and prioritizing the improvement of weaker dimensions may accelerate the process.

Abstract 1. Introduction
Considering the negative effects and consequences of knowledge hiding on this mission, in the present study, we aim to examine the impact of organizational ostracism and instrumental thinking as independent variables and sacrificial leadership as a mediating variable on the emergence of knowledge hiding among faculty members at the College of Science, University of Tehran. This research seeks to take an effective step toward achieving one of the institution's goals: nurturing upright, ethical, and vibrant individuals. Since the simultaneous examination and measurement of these four variables have not been previously explored in prior studies by other researchers, the necessity and gap addressed by this study become even more evident.
Therefore, the main research question of this study is: Can sacrificial leadership play a mediating role in the relationship between organizational ostracism and instrumental thinking on knowledge hiding among university professors?
Research Question(s)
Hypothesis 1: It appears that organizational ostracism has a significant effect on knowledge hiding.
Hypothesis 2: It appears that instrumental thinking has a significant effect on knowledge hiding.
Hypothesis 3: It appears that sacrificial leadership plays a mediating role in the effect of organizational ostracism on knowledge hiding.
Hypothesis 4: It appears that sacrificial leadership plays a mediating role in the effect of instrumental thinking on knowledge hiding.

2. Literature Review

A review of prior research indicates that the variables of knowledge hiding, instrumental thinking, organizational ostracism, and sacrificial leadership have been previously examined in various contexts. International studies have explored different aspects of these variables: Riyad et al. (2019) investigated the relationship between ostracism and knowledge hiding with job tension as a mediator, while Bhatti et al. (2023) examined organizational ostracism's impact on knowledge hiding through the mediating roles of efficacy needs and psychological distress. Other notable studies include Al-Jubouri and Fleifel's (2020) analysis of knowledge hiding and workplace ostracism, Zhao et al.'s (2016) work on workplace ostracism and knowledge hiding, and Shah and Hashemi's (2019) study of organizational culture's relationship with knowledge hiding through workplace ostracism and incivility. Abdullah et al. (2020) focused on ethical leadership's effects on knowledge hiding with relational social capital and instrumental thinking as mediators, and Sabrina (2023) explored sacrificial leadership in the context of knowledge sharing and hiding, considering employee trust and intrinsic motivation as mediators.
In the Iranian academic context, several studies have addressed related themes. Sepahvand and Momeni Mofrad (2020) examined workplace ostracism and knowledge hiding with job tension as a mediator, while Sharai and Jafari (2023) studied ostracism and workplace incivility's effects on knowledge hiding through job anxiety. Kamalipour et al. (2022) contributed by proposing a knowledge-hiding model emphasizing ostracism. Despite these valuable contributions, three significant research gaps emerge from this comprehensive review. First, no existing study has simultaneously investigated sacrificial leadership alongside knowledge hiding, ostracism, and instrumental thinking. Second, the domestic research landscape shows a complete absence of studies examining instrumental thinking, even in combination with other variables. Third, while some studies have explored partial relationships between these variables, none have integrated all four key elements of the current research.
This study represents the first attempt, both in Iran and internationally, to comprehensively analyze organizational ostracism and instrumental thinking as independent variables, knowledge hiding as the dependent variable, and sacrificial leadership as a mediating factor. The inclusion of sacrificial leadership is particularly significant as it introduces a positively connoted variable into the examination of knowledge hiding phenomena. By addressing these interconnected variables in a single framework, this research makes an original contribution to the field, helping to bridge important theoretical and empirical gaps in our understanding of knowledge hiding dynamics in academic settings. The innovative approach not only expands the current body of knowledge but also offers practical insights that could inform organizational policies and leadership practices in higher education institutions.

3. Methodology

The present study adopts a survey research strategy with the aim of examining the relationships between variables. For data collection, standardized questionnaires derived from theoretical literature and previous studies were utilized. To ensure the validity of the questionnaires in terms of content and face validity, input was obtained from three professors specializing in organizational behavior. The questionnaires employed in this study include: the Organizational Ostracism Scale (Ferris, Brown, Berry, & Lian, 2008), the Instrumental Thinking Scale (Abdullah et al., 2019), the Sacrificial Leadership Questionnaire (Kark & Van Dijk, 2004), and the Knowledge Hiding Scale (Connelly, Zweig, Webster, & Trougakos, 2012). All items were measured using a five-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree".
The reliability of the research instruments was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha coefficients, which were as follows: organizational ostracism (α = 0.71), instrumental thinking (α = 0.73), sacrificial leadership (α = 0.77), and knowledge hiding (α = 0.74). The target population of this study consists of faculty members at the College of Science, University of Tehran, with an estimated total of 151 individuals. The sample size was determined using Sample Power software, resulting in 130 participants selected through random sampling.
For data analysis, statistical software and structural equation modeling (SEM) tools, including AMOS and SPSS, were employed. Sample Power software was used to determine the appropriate sample size. To examine the relationships between variables and generalize the findings from the sample to the population, regression models (including mediation analysis) and path analysis were utilized to test the research hypotheses. Additionally, the conceptual model of the study was evaluated using structural equation modeling (SEM), with particular attention given to assessing the measurement model and structural model fit. The results of these analyses will be presented in detail in the following sections.
 
4. Results

The analysis of the first hypothesis findings revealed that the independent variable (organizational ostracism) demonstrated a significant effect (β = 0.68) on the dependent variable (knowledge hiding), indicating a substantial relationship. The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.46) suggests that organizational ostracism explains 46% of the variance in knowledge hiding behavior. In practical terms, this means that nearly half of knowledge hiding incidents among faculty members can be attributed to experiences of organizational ostracism. These results confirm that organizational ostracism significantly influences knowledge hiding patterns, enabling the prediction of knowledge concealment behaviors based on ostracism levels within the academic community. Regarding the second hypothesis, the independent variable (instrumental thinking) showed a meaningful effect (β = 0.42) on knowledge hiding, representing a moderate but noteworthy relationship. With an R² value of 0.18, instrumental thinking accounts for 18% of the variance in knowledge hiding, indicating that nearly one-fifth of knowledge concealment behaviors stem from instrumental thinking tendencies. This finding establishes instrumental thinking as another significant predictor of knowledge hiding among faculty members. The mediation analysis yielded important insights. Both direct and indirect effects of organizational ostracism on knowledge hiding proved statistically significant (p < 0.01), while the direct effects of organizational ostracism on sacrificial leadership (p < 0.0001) and of sacrificial leadership on knowledge hiding (p < 0.0001) were similarly significant. These results collectively demonstrate that sacrificial leadership partially mediates the relationship between organizational ostracism and knowledge hiding, thereby confirming the third hypothesis. Parallel findings emerged regarding the fourth hypothesis. The significant direct and indirect effects of instrumental thinking on knowledge hiding (p < 0.0001), coupled with significant direct effects of instrumental thinking on sacrificial leadership (p < 0.0001) and of sacrificial leadership on knowledge hiding (p < 0.0001), indicate that sacrificial leadership also partially mediates the relationship between instrumental thinking and knowledge hiding, thus validating the fourth hypothesis.
 
 5. Conclusion

The study's comprehensive findings highlight that knowledge hiding among university faculty stems primarily from two organizational phenomena: workplace ostracism and instrumental thinking patterns. Left unaddressed, these factors may gradually erode institutional knowledge-sharing cultures and hinder collective intellectual growth. The research particularly emphasizes the crucial mitigating role of sacrificial leadership, suggesting that targeted development of leadership qualities characterized by selflessness and organizational commitment could effectively counteract both ostracism tendencies and instrumental thinking patterns. This insight points toward valuable interventions for academic administrators seeking to foster more open, collaborative knowledge environments in higher education institutions.

Abstract 1. Introduction

The success and profitability of organizations depend on the presence of competent and capable people. For this reason, organizations try to identify the factors that affect the strengthening of human resources and make the necessary planning. In this regard, “knowledge sharing” is mentioned as one of the effective factors for strengthening human resources. Lin (2007) believes that knowledge sharing leads to the formation of new ideas and strengthening human resources in a knowledge-based economy. Accordingly, organizations and companies that are constantly involved in providing quality goods and services also try to pay attention to the basic components of strengthening the culture of knowledge sharing. Knowledge sharing refers to the process through which knowledge is shared among the employees of an organization. During knowledge sharing, competent employees try to share experience-based knowledge with stakeholders (including colleagues, managers or customers) so that they can also perform better. Of course, persuasion and attention to the factors (material and spiritual) that affect knowledge sharing have always been one of the main challenges of human resource management in organizations. In knowledge sharing, individuals must provide others with the knowledge that is the result of their years of effort and experience, while this knowledge may be one of the key factors of their individual advantage in the organization. Therefore, it is natural that they must have strong incentives or motivations to do this. The level of participation of individuals in various knowledge sharing processes in the organization can be affected by their perception of the potential benefits that they may gain as a result. Studying and identifying factors that facilitate knowledge sharing behavior (including emotional intelligence) among employees has long been of interest. Of course, based on the results of numerous studies, the relationship between emotional intelligence and other variables (including media literacy, communication skills, psychological climate, job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, emotional organizational commitment, subjective well-being, and employee attitudes) has also been confirmed. Emotional intelligence, which is the ability to control and effectively use defined emotions, contributes to performing rational behaviors and effective communication with others (Taboli, 2013). In other words, the higher the emotional intelligence of individuals, the more rational their behavior will be. Emotional intelligence is related to the ability to communicate with others and social media literacy. People with higher emotional intelligence will avoid emotional and irrational behaviors in different environments. Having communication skills will lead to rational behaviors with others. Communication skills can be defined as the ability to effectively send and receive information, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes. Social media literacy also refers to the correct and intelligent use of social media (such as Instagram and Telegram). Social media literacy enables individuals to move beyond being illiterate listeners and consumers of information (true or false) and to act proactively. Due to the Internet and the expansion of the use of virtual networks, the general public is exposed to a wealth of information. This has led to a greater need for intelligent individuals to behave logically and intelligently in virtual environments. It seems that the variables of emotional intelligence and communication skills have additional importance among librarians, because they can act as essential and influential elements in attracting and retaining patrons to public libraries. Today, public libraries - whose philosophy of existence is to serve the community, due to having patrons from different classes, tastes and cultures, must have literate, intelligent and communication-skilled individuals in their service. A deficiency or gap in these areas and a decrease in patron satisfaction can further damage the acceptability of libraries and pose a more serious challenge to their existential philosophy, especially in the present era. The present study was conducted in the public library environment of East Azarbaijan Province, a province with linguistic and cultural diversity, and attempts to study the relationship between emotional intelligence and knowledge sharing with the mediating role of social media literacy and communication skills among librarians.
Research hypotheses

There is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and "social media literacy".
There is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and librarians' communication skills.
There is a significant relationship between social media literacy and librarians' knowledge sharing.
There is a significant relationship between librarians' communication skills and knowledge sharing.
There is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and librarians' knowledge sharing.
There is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and knowledge sharing mediated by librarians' "social media literacy".
There is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and knowledge sharing mediated by communication skills.
2. Literature Review

Literature review goes here. Direct citations of 40 words and more must be separated into a block quote, without quotation marks:

3. Methodology

This research is based on the nature and general characteristics, quantitative, and based on the research and data collection method, it is a description of the correlation type based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research was the librarians of the public libraries of East Azarbaijan province in 1401 (n=401). Four standard questionnaires, including the Schutte emotional intelligence questionnaire (1998), Zadboud et al., communication skills questionnaire (2022), Mojaradi social media literacy questionnaire (2014), and Ajzan knowledge sharing questionnaire (2006) were used to collect data. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by the Cronbach alpha coefficient, which was equal to 0.89, 0.86, 0.81, and 0.79, respectively. Using SPSS and Amos software, data analysis was performed at both descriptive and inferential levels.

4. Results

Based on the findings, there is a positive and significant correlation between emotional intelligence, communication skills, and social media literacy with knowledge sharing, at 0.688, 0.701, and 0.544, respectively. Findings showed the fit of the conceptual model presented regarding the relationship between emotional intelligence, communication skills, social media literacy, and knowledge sharing among librarians (RMSEA=0.78, CFI=0.94, GFI=0.98). Also, it is recommended that in the educational system of Iran and by the Iran Public Libraries Foundation, necessary planning should be done to strengthen the mentioned variables, especially emotional intelligence.

5. Discussion

In knowledge sharing, individuals must provide others with the hidden knowledge that is the result of their years of hard work and experience. While this knowledge may be one of their superior advantages in the organization. For this reason, the willingness of individuals to share knowledge without expecting a corresponding reward from others may not seem very logical. The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and librarians' knowledge sharing. It seems that people with high emotional intelligence think that if they share their useful experiences with others, they will be encouraged (verbally or financially) by their colleagues or managers more; for this reason, they share knowledge with this assumption, so the existence of a relationship between these two variables also seems to be somewhat reasonable.

6. Conclusion

According to the findings of the present study, it can be claimed that the emotional intelligence variable has the ability to influence the communication skills, social media literacy, and knowledge sharing of librarians. Accordingly, it is likely that weakness in communication skills and social media literacy can also have a negative impact on the indirect effect of emotional intelligence on knowledge sharing behavior.

Abstract 1.Introduction
Knowledge management, as a critical organizational asset, plays a vital role in success and competitiveness (Abbas et al., 2021). Organizational success increasingly depends on employees’ behaviors, particularly knowledge sharing (Chopra & Gupta, 2019). Sustaining organizational knowledge is essential for digital transformation and sustainable development (Di Vaio et al., 2021; Steiner, 2018). Consequently, knowledge management has become a strategic priority, offering tools to balance business objectives and competitive advantages (Al-Kurdi et al., 2018). The primary challenge is developing knowledge management strategies, such as intra-organizational knowledge sharing, that address the dynamics of the organizational knowledge base (Nadason et al., 2017). To achieve this, organizations must foster a culture that encourages knowledge-sharing behaviors (Halisah et al., 2021; Fattahian et al., 2022). Knowledge is recognized as a factor of production alongside land, labor, and capital (Sasmita, 2023). Each individual possesses unique knowledge shared through learning and experience (Goswami, 2023). Knowledge sharing is a powerful tool for human development and social progress (Yasir, 2023) and is defined as the exchange of experiences and insights to gain a deeper understanding (Mapionaya, 2005). This process benefits both the sharer and the recipient (Adamseged, 2018). Knowledge management has evolved into a scientific discipline, considered a natural activity in academic institutions, particularly universities (Javaid, 2020; Hasirchi et al., 1399). Knowledge sharing is essential for institutional growth and societal development, enhancing organizations’ ability to respond to business opportunities (Hussain & Nasiura, 2011). In higher education, faculty members play a pivotal role in transferring knowledge to students and society (Adamseged, 2018). Given the constant evolution of knowledge due to technology and innovation, sharing knowledge among faculty is critical for its preservation and dissemination (Javaid, 2020).
Motivating knowledge sharing is a global priority in knowledge management (Salehi & Alanbari, 2023). Organizational culture and work motivation are key to encouraging this behavior (Iman et al., 2023; Bawik et al., 2018).
 
Research Question(s)
This study aims to explore the motivations for intra-organizational knowledge sharing among faculty members of Payame Noor University, focusing on two questions:
What is the process of creating motivation for faculty participation in knowledge sharing?
What are the influencing and influenced conditions (causal, contextual, intervening, strategies, and outcomes) of knowledge-sharing motivation?

2.Literature Review

Attitudes toward knowledge sharing reflect individuals’ positive or negative feelings, which can be instrumental (useful or harmful) or affective (enjoyable or unpleasant) (Wu et al., 2023). Sharing knowledge may reduce individual power within an organization, posing a barrier to participation. Prior studies fall into two categories:
Research addressing knowledge-sharing motivation.
Studies exploring the role of knowledge sharing in universities and among faculty.
Domestic studies, such as Goldasteh et al. (2022), found a significant relationship between organizational climate, attitudes, and knowledge sharing. Fattahian et al. (2022) confirmed a positive relationship between influencing factors and attitudes toward knowledge sharing. Hasirchi et al. (2020) identified components for extracting expert knowledge. International studies, such as Nguyen et al. (2022) and Yu & Meng (2021), emphasize the role of intrinsic motivation in enhancing knowledge sharing. However, no qualitative study has directly explored knowledge-sharing motivation in universities.

3.Methodology

This qualitative study adopted an interpretive approach with a developmental-applied goal, conducted cross-sectionally with an exploratory strategy. Data were collected through library studies and semi-structured interviews. The population consisted of Payam-e Noor University faculty in human resource management and organizational behavior, with associate or assistant professor ranks and over 5 years of experience, from 8 provinces. Purposive sampling continued until theoretical saturation (16 participants). Validity and reliability were ensured using acceptability (participant review) and confirmability (retest with over 80% similarity).
Data analysis followed the grounded theory approach with open, axial, and selective coding (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). Data were categorized and developed into a theoretical model.

4.Results

Demographic Characteristics: 87.5% male, 12.5% female; 62.5% assistant professors, 37.5% associate professors.
Open Coding: 120 conceptual codes were extracted. For example, organizational injustice leads to knowledge hoarding, while recognition and rewards enhance motivation.
Axial Coding: Main categories included:

Causal Conditions: Strategic alignment, managerial factors, individual factors, content creation.
Contextual Conditions: Sharing environment, educational aspects, evaluation, technical issues, infrastructure, information issues.
Intervening Conditions: Faculty personality factors, organizational culture instability.
Strategies: Transformation, growth orientation, organizational context, organizational strategies.
Outcomes: Organizational dynamism, social outcomes, structural development, learning organization.

Paradigm Model: Designed based on Corbin and Strauss (2008).
 
5.Discussion

The findings indicate that strategic alignment, managerial factors, individual factors, and content creation influence knowledge-sharing motivation, aligning with Nguyen et al. (2019) and Gaiodenko (2021). Social networks facilitate knowledge sharing. Contextual conditions, such as the sharing environment, educational aspects, and technical infrastructure, are essential for accelerating knowledge sharing (Alrehbi, 2022; Ade, 2021). Managers should promote activities like knowledge flow, participatory decision-making, and smart systems, though Payam-e Noor University’s geographic dispersion makes this process time-consuming and costly. Intervening conditions, such as faculty personality (e.g., extroversion or introversion) and organizational culture instability, are key barriers. Workplace health, faculty involvement, and bureaucracy impact motivation. Strategies like transformation, growth orientation, and strengthening organizational context (e.g., social education, decision-making involvement, infrastructure) enhance knowledge sharing. Outcomes include organizational dynamism, improved social interactions, structural development, and a learning organization, which elevate the university’s status and student recruitment.

6.Conclusion

Payam-e Noor University can enhance knowledge-sharing motivation through managerial support, rewards, teamwork, and human resource empowerment. Addressing challenges like personality factors and cultural instability removes barriers. Technology use and precise planning are essential to overcome geographic dispersion. Outcomes such as enhanced sharing culture, reduced social tensions, and a learning organization can improve the university’s quality. Recommendations include leveraging technology, providing technical and administrative support, planning for knowledge retention amid retirements, fostering interpersonal relationships, and replicating the study with other disciplines and universities. Knowledge sharing is a prerequisite for successful organizational systems, and by removing barriers and boosting motivation, effective knowledge management and organizational development can be achieved.

Abstract 1.Introduction

In today’s knowledge-driven economy, knowledge is considered a fundamental organizational asset, yet its value is only realized through effective sharing across individuals and teams. Particularly in knowledge-based organizations such as academic libraries, knowledge sharing enhances innovation, task performance, and employee satisfaction. As Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies continue to evolve—especially with the rise of generative tools like ChatGPT, they are increasingly integrated into library workflows, transforming how information is managed, disseminated, and utilized. This study explores the relationship between AI capabilities and employee performance, with a focus on the mediating role of knowledge sharing among staff in medical science libraries under the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in Tehran. AI offers powerful tools for automating routine tasks, facilitating content creation, and improving decision-making processes, which in turn may foster greater knowledge exchange among employees. By examining these dynamics, the research aims to shed light on how AI-driven knowledge sharing can contribute to enhanced service quality and organizational effectiveness in academic library environments.
Research Question(s)
Artificial intelligence has a positive and significant relationship with the performance of librarians.
Artificial intelligence has a positive and significant relationship with knowledge sharing among academic librarians.
Knowledge sharing has a positive and significant relationship with the performance of librarians.
Knowledge sharing plays a mediating role in the relationship between artificial intelligence and performance.

2.Literature Review

Previous studies have highlighted the significant impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on organizational performance and knowledge management. Abayomi et al. (2021) found that AI enhances the job performance of academic librarians. Malik et al. (2021) showed that AI-driven systems promote knowledge sharing, improving job satisfaction and reducing turnover. Nguyen and Malik (2022) demonstrated that knowledge sharing enhances service quality, moderated by AI system quality. Hussain (2023) identified barriers to AI adoption in libraries, including budget constraints and technical skills. Barsha and Munshi (2024) emphasized AI's potential in improving library services in developing countries. Femi Olan et al. (2024) argued that AI combined with knowledge sharing boosts employee performance and creativity, while Wirawan et al. (2024) confirmed AI's role in talent management. Despite these findings, further research is needed to explore AI's impact in medical library settings, which this study addresses by examining the relationship between AI capabilities, librarian performance, and knowledge sharing in Tehran’s medical science libraries.

3.Methodology

This applied study employed a descriptive-correlational design using a quantitative approach to examine the relationship between artificial intelligence and employee performance, with knowledge sharing as a mediating variable. The statistical population included managers, administrative staff, and heads of medical science libraries affiliated with the Ministry of Health in Tehran. Due to the limited population size, a census sampling method was used, resulting in 176 participants. Standardized questionnaires were utilized to collect data: a 22-item AI questionnaire by Chen et al. (2022), a 12-item knowledge sharing scale by Damaj et al. (2016), and a 12-item employee performance scale by Stephen (2005). Responses were measured using a five-point Likert scale. Convergent and discriminant validity were applied to confirm the instrument's validity. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted using Smart PLS software to test the conceptual model and hypotheses.

4.Results

The results of the structural equation modeling (SEM) confirm the significance of the mediating role of knowledge sharing in the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and employee performance. Specifically, the Z-values for all tested hypotheses exceeded the critical value of 1.96, indicating statistical significance at the 95% confidence level (P ≤ 0.05). The Variance Accounted For (VAF) value was calculated to be 0.849, which exceeds the 80% threshold, suggesting full mediation. Further analysis showed that knowledge sharing had a significant and positive effect on employee performance (β = 0.766, t = 12.104, P ≤ 0.05), implying that a one-unit increase in knowledge sharing corresponds to a 0.766 standard deviation increase in employee performance. Similarly, AI had a significant direct impact on employee performance (β = 0.739, t = 9.986, P ≤ 0.05), indicating a strong positive relationship between these variables. Additionally, AI significantly influenced knowledge sharing (β = 0.642, t = 8.572, P ≤ 0.05), suggesting that the adoption and integration of AI technologies foster a more effective knowledge-sharing culture within organizations. Overall, the findings provide robust empirical evidence supporting the theoretical model and affirm that knowledge sharing fully mediates the relationship between AI and employee performance. These results highlight the importance of fostering a knowledge-sharing environment to fully leverage the potential benefits of AI in enhancing organizational effectiveness, particularly in knowledge-intensive sectors such as academic and medical libraries.

5.Conclusion

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and employee performance, with knowledge sharing playing a mediating role, among managers, administrative staff, and library directors of medical sciences libraries affiliated with the Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education in Tehran. The study aimed to address a research gap by providing valuable insights into the impact of AI on employee performance in this important sector. The results showed that AI has a positive and significant impact on the performance of employees in medical sciences libraries. This finding is consistent with previous research, which emphasized that AI and machine learning enhance organizational performance by eliminating human productivity limitations and reducing repetitive tasks. The study also found that effective use of AI algorithms in big data analysis improves employee retention and attracts new users. Additionally, AI accelerates daily library tasks, reducing time and cost, while enhancing librarian productivity and improving job performance by reducing human errors. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that knowledge sharing has a positive and significant impact on employee performance, with a strong emphasis on how fostering a culture of knowledge sharing can promote innovation, teamwork, and organizational efficiency. The research also revealed that AI positively impacts knowledge sharing among employees by providing digital platforms and advanced tools, facilitating data analysis, and enabling quick access to valuable resources. The findings indicated that knowledge sharing mediates the relationship between AI and employee performance, confirming that a combination of AI and knowledge sharing strategies provides a more sustainable approach to improving organizational performance. The study suggests that medical sciences libraries should invest in AI technologies, provide specialized training, and create a collaborative culture to enhance employee performance and facilitate knowledge sharing, ultimately leading to improved organizational efficiency and productivity.

Acknowledgments
The author expresses sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to this research.

Abstract 1.Introduction
Knowledge organization is an old but fundamental topic in library and information science. The importance of knowledge organization is not limited to the fact that knowledge must be organized; otherwise, it cannot be retrieved and reused. Knowledge organization must be updated regularly to reflect the progress of human knowledge; therefore, changes are inevitable. Hence, it can be said that knowledge organization has become more important, diverse, and widespread in today's world. Published research often describes only specific aspects, which only provides a partial picture of the landscape of knowledge organization research. In fact, it is difficult for researchers to gain a comprehensive view of the field by reviewing such articles. This is possible by using scientometric tools. To promote the progress of scientific research and its publication, collaborations between researchers should be examined. Co-authorship, as one of the most formal manifestations of scientific collaboration, is an activity in which two or more authors participate in the production of science together. The expansion, specialization, and complexity of science in all fields have made it impossible for researchers to master not only all sciences, but also all topics in their field of expertise. Given this on the one hand, and the growth of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary sciences and research on the other, researchers are forced to collaborate with other people. This has led to co-authorship and its growth and expansion. By analyzing co-authorship networks, the social characteristics of the knowledge structure at different levels such as individuals, organizations, sectors, and countries can be revealed. It is expected that the results of this study will help experts in this field to understand the structure of the scientific collaboration community and identify its active authors. This will allow them to quickly decide on emerging issues, trends, and key scientists. The results of this study will also play an important role in future policy-making in knowledge organization and will provide better insight into the authors and co-authorship network in this field. In light of the above, this paper examines the co-authorship structure of Persian knowledge organization articles using centrality indices.

Literature Review

As mentioned, scientometrics can provide a clear view of the changes in the field under study and can be of great help in this regard. Various studies have been published on various topics with the focus of examining co-authorship networks. In this section, due to the large number of published studies, a list of some of them will be presented. The first group examines national or regional co-authorship collaborations. For example, Hong and Hwang (2017) examined co-authorship networks of faculty and students in humanities and social sciences journals in South Korea. In the second category, researchers have examined the extent of scientific collaboration between universities, centers, and institutions at the national and international levels. Fujita et al. (2018) also examined co-authorship networks in physics and biology in organizational research. The third group of co-authorship studies is related to scientific collaborations in a specific subject area. In this type of research, the extent of national and international collaboration of researchers in a specific subject area or discipline at the national and international levels has been examined. Gonzalez-Valente, Santos, and Arencibia (2019) also examined the social structure of co-authorship in knowledge management in their study. Fan, Li, and Lu (2020) also examined co-authorship networks in the tourism industry. The fourth group of co-authorship studies examines the extent of scientific collaborations within a specific journal or journals. Kim et al. (2017) examined the co-authorship network of articles in the Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Zheng et al. (2017) examined the co-authorship network of the Annals of the American Geographical Society.

Methodology

This research is an applied type that has been done with the approach of scientometrics and analysis of social networks. The research data were selected from 106 keywords of his knowledge organization in the title field, which were selected after consultation with subject matter experts in this field; Together with all the articles published in selected journals of information science and epistemology indexed in the Islamic World Science Citation Center from 1378 to 1398. Finally, the retrieved records were limited to research papers, conference papers, and review papers and limited to the subject of the Library and Information field. Out of 1482 authors who were involved in the publication of 1410 articles, 168 with at least 4 articles were analyzed using UCINET software. After that, a square matrix of dimensions 168 by 168 was formed, and finally, the co-authorship network was drawn based on the centrality indicators. Bib Excel software was used to draw the matrix, and NetDraw software was used to draw the co-authorship network.

Results

Results indicated that the average number of authors per article is 1.05. Analysis of data related to co-authorship analysis indicates the two-author approach as the most common approach in knowledge organization (35.17%), and the three-author approach (26.80%) is in the next rank. Dr. Rahmatollah Fattahi (56 articles), Dr. Morteza Kokabi (44 articles) and Dr. Yaghoub Norouzi (39 articles) have the highest number of articles in knowledge organization, respectively. Also, the co-authorship of Dr. Rahmatollah Fattahi and Dr. Mehri Parirokh (10 articles) won the top rank. In the study of centrality indicators, Dr. Rahmatollah Fattahi gained the top scores in the Degree Centrality, Closeness Centrality, Betweenness Centrality, and Eigen vector, respectively.

Discussion

Results indicated that the average number of authors per article is 1.05. Analysis of data related to co-authorship analysis indicates the two-author approach as the most common approach in knowledge organization (35.17%), and the three-author approach (26.80%) is in the next rank. Dr. Rahmatollah Fattahi (56 articles), Dr. Morteza Kokabi (44 articles), and Dr. Yaghoub Norouzi (39 articles) have the highest number of articles in knowledge organization, respectively. Also, the co-authorship of Dr. Rahmatollah Fattahi and Dr. Mehri Parirokh (10 articles) won the top rank. In the study of centrality indicators, Dr. Rahmatollah Fattahi gained the top scores in the Degree Centrality, Closeness Centrality, Betweenness Centrality, and Eigen vector, respectively.

Conclusion

According to the results of the present study, it seems that prominent researchers in the field of knowledge organization, despite being productive, have not been able to play a significant role in the formation of the co-authorship network in this field.

Abstract Introduction

The main purpose of the present research is to study the relationship between the cultural collectivism dimension and knowledge sharing among graduate students of Tabriz University. The necessity of the current research stems from the fact that the relationship between cultural collectivism and knowledge sharing has not been discussed in domestic research, and in a sense, a kind of research gap is felt in this field, and this deficiency can be seen even in foreign studies.
 
Research Question(s)
1. What is the level of knowledge sharing among graduate students?2. What is the relationship between the acquisition of knowledge and cultural collectivism?

Literature Review

Many thinkers such as Bahagat et al. (2002) use the cultural individualism-collectivism dimension as a main feature in identifying how different societies analyze social behaviors and information processes. Bhagat argues that cultural individualism and collectivism apply to what information people prefer and provide for processing (Liu, 2010:162). Triandis (1988) introduced the dimensions of person-centeredness-type-centeredness along with individualism and collectivism. Triandis (1988) introduced the dimensions of person-centeredness-type-centeredness along with individualism and collectivism. In this regard, Triandis (1995) summarized four key features in this spectrum: self-concept, goal relationships, relative importance of attitudes and norms, and emphasis on relationships. Bahagat et al. (2002) grouped the horizontal and vertical characteristics in the sense of understanding how different national cultures are processed through the representation of individualism and collectivity. They examined the role of horizontal and vertical individualism and horizontal and vertical collectivism in the transfer of organizational knowledge. They argued that while people in individualistic societies consider information and knowledge independent of its context, collectivist cultures emphasize the context in which information and knowledge exist. According to the term knowledge in action, collectivists are sensitive to context-based information, while individualists focus on knowledge as it relates to individual characteristics. In addition, according to the opinion of Bahagat et al. (2002), collectivist culture emphasizes the importance of tacit knowledge and information, and on the contrary, individualist culture prefers rational analyses based on coded written information. Finally, vertical cultures tend to process information and knowledge based on a hierarchical system in organizations, and horizontal cultures do not focus on hierarchies in processing and organizing knowledge and communication flows (Michilova and Hutchings, 2004).

Methodology

The current research method is a survey and the statistical population includes all graduate students of Tabriz University in the academic year of 2016-2017, whose number is 5589 using Cochran's formula and proportional stratified sampling method (according to faculties), 650 people were selected as the sample size. The unit of analysis in this research is the individual. In this research, to accurately determine the components of Cochran's formula, a preliminary test was used to obtain the variance of the dependent variable (knowledge sharing) as one of the components of Cochran's formula. In order to measure the independent and dependent variables in order to obtain validity, the final modification of the items was done by conducting a pre-test using face validity and Cronbach's alpha. Based on the final evaluation results of the experts, the items have sufficient validity and also the results of the reliability analysis were estimated using Cronbach's alpha to separate the variables. The reliability coefficients for cultural collectivism (0.776), horizontal collectivism (0.765), vertical collectivism (0.768), horizontal individualism (0.780), vertical individualism (0.746) and research dependent variable is 0.812. This indicates that the selected items were suitable for measuring the research variables.

Results

Correlation test results show a positive and significant relationship between cultural collectivism and student's knowledge sharing. There is also a positive and significant relationship between cultural collectivism components with knowledge sharing. The results of the correlation test indicate that vertical individualism has a negative and significant relationship with knowledge sharing. T-test results show that knowledge sharing does not have a significant difference based on the gender of students. The results of the regression show that the horizontal collectivism and horizontal individualism components of cultural collectivism explain 24% of knowledge-sharing variance.

Conclusion

The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between cultural collectivism and knowledge sharing among graduate students. For some reasons, this research can be beneficial to related studies in this field, firstly, few foreign researches have been conducted regarding cultural collectivism and knowledge sharing, and domestic researches have not investigated the relationship between these two variables. Second, theoretically, this research provides many insights for researchers regarding the study of the relationship between cultural collectivism and knowledge sharing. The results of the correlation test show that cultural collectivism has a positive and significant relationship with knowledge sharing at a high level and in a direct direction. The results also indicate that the dimensions of cultural collectivism, i.e. the horizontal and vertical dimensions, have a positive and significant correlation with the five dimensions of knowledge sharing. It means that the more the graduate students belong to the collectivist culture, the more the amount of knowledge sharing among them increases. It should be noted that horizontal collectivism plays a prominent role in explaining knowledge sharing. This type of collectivism emphasizes equality in relationships and participation. In fact, it can be concluded that there are necessary grounds and conditions for the implementation of a knowledge-sharing culture among graduate students of Tabriz University. This finding is in agreement with the research results of Arpasi and Baloglu (2016), who in their study found a positive and significant role of cultural collectivism on mental attitudes and norms, taking into account the sharing of knowledge, and also aligned with the results of the studies of Michilova and Hutchings (2004) and Sandhu and Ching (2014), Ardicioli et al. (2006). Therefore, universities and higher education centers in order to achieve success in the sharing of knowledge among graduate students in their policies and plans should pay special attention to strengthening the students' group and team working skills.
Acknowledgments
Considering the current research method and the need to complete the questionnaire, all the students participating in the research are appreciated and thanked.

Abstract Introduction

Information protection is one of the most important issues in human history, culture, and economy. In the past, information was recorded in the form of engraving and writing on stone, ceramics, papyrus, wood, etc., but with the evolution of human civilization, the way to the emergence of new storage media and ways to record information was paved. A sudden change in the field of information storage with the invention of electronic storage media, including all types of disks, audio tapes, magnetic tapes, CDs, etc. V. Days, etc. took place. With the advent of high-speed networks and computers with high-performance quality (large memory and high processing speed), the use of technologies increased rapidly. These technologies enable libraries to easily produce, process, locate, store, and disseminate their information, as well as guarantee long-term protection of stored information and permanent access to that information (Samiei, 2016). With the rapid development of cloud computing, cloud storage and other information technologies, libraries and digital resources increasingly enable users to remotely access a wide range of distributed information resources, regardless of physical storage conditions (Zhu and Du, 2018). Cloud computing reduces the costs of using technology in libraries and expands the capacities and ability to use tools. Integration of resources and information in one space, speed, flexibility, providing services with the possibility of control and measurement, supply based on demand, access to a wide network (Shehzad, 2014), changing the shape of education, expanding cooperation, and most importantly reducing risk and increased security (Boyer & Arste, 2014) is one of the benefits of cloud computing for digital libraries. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the views of managers and librarians of Allameh Tabataba’i University libraries regarding digital protection in the cloud environment.

Literature Review

There are new mechanisms in digital libraries that can be used in the field of digital protection to improve the security of digital resources, and one of these mechanisms is cloud computing. Cloud computing is a model for easily providing a type of network access based on user needs from a shared repository that is derived from configurable computing resources. Examples include networks, servers, applications, and services that are rapidly provisioned and available with minimal management effort and service provider interactions. In the studies that were conducted in the field of the role of cloud computing in library services, including the researches of Fermanlolilab (2015), Sepehr et al. (2015); Sadeghi (2016); Haddad Oskoui (2016); Ghazizadeh et al. (2017); Gabajeh (2011); Sosa-Sosa & Hernandez Ramiz (2012); Oliver & Knight (2015); Corrado & Molaison (2015); Yuvaraj (2016); Spence et al. (2019); Anuyako et al. (2019) and Shawvedi Sarkar (2020) found that the use of cloud computing facilities is effective in reducing costs, increasing productivity and communication. However, the categories of threats and information security are concerns related to the use of cloud computing in libraries. Also, in this regard, concerns about data ownership, portability and cloud portability, and in general, issues related to digital protection are the main bottlenecks in the adoption of cloud technology in digital libraries.

Methodology

The present study is applied in nature and with a descriptive survey method in two stages. In the first stage, by reviewing the texts of a researcher-made questionnaire with five components: "introduction to the concepts of digital preservation in the cloud", "trust and security of digital preservation in the cloud", "technological infrastructure of digital preservation in the cloud", "organizational status of digital preservation in the cloud environment "and "barriers and challenges of digital preservation in cloud" were prepared and provided to the administrators and librarians of Allameh Tabataba'i University libraries for a survey. This questionnaire was designed on a five-point Likert scale and its reliability was 0.852 using Cronbach's alpha. In the second stage, the collected data were analyzed based on descriptive statistics (mean, median, standard deviation, and variance) and one-sample t-test. Friedman test was also used to rank the factor of "possible challenges and barriers".

Results

The findings showed that the majority of the participants were moderately familiar with the concepts related to digital protection in the cloud environment. Also, from the point of view of managers and librarians of Allameh Tabataba’i University libraries, "the state of trust and security of data in cloud environment protection" and "the availability of technological infrastructure for cloud environment protection in the university" are at a favorable level (p>0.05 -the amount of). The "organizational state of the university for protection in the cloud environment" is at an average and relatively favorable level, and the "knowledge and awareness necessary for protection in the cloud environment among librarians" is at a relatively unfavorable level (p-value < 0.05). On the one hand, from the point of view of the managers and librarians of the libraries of Allameh Tabataba'i University, the most important obstacles and possible problems of protection in the cloud environment, "the risk of return of investment is one of the problems of using the cloud environment for digital protection", "the unaffordability of using the cloud environment is one of the problems using it for digital protection" and "unaffordability of training costs were one of the problems of using the cloud environment for digital protection".

Discussion

 Regarding the familiarization of library managers and librarians with the topics of digital protection in the cloud environment, it seems that the use of new technologies such as cloud computing in libraries requires more familiarity of managers and librarians with such technologies. Familiarity with the activities that take place in such environments will provide a suitable platform for accepting this technology and using it. In general, the respondents' level of familiarity with the issue of digital protection in the cloud environment was moderate. In the researches of Farmanlou Lilab (2015) and Vivaraj (2016), the application of cloud computing in university libraries was discussed and the relatively good level of familiarity of the employees with cloud computing was pointed out, which is consistent with the results of the present study.

Conclusion

 The results showed that managers and librarians of Allameh Tabataba’i University libraries were moderately familiar with issues related to digital protection in the cloud environment. According to the participants, the state of trust and security of data in cloud environment protection, the availability of technological infrastructure for cloud environment protection in the university at an optimal level, the university's organizational situation for cloud environment protection at a relatively favorable level, and the librarians’ necessary knowledge and awareness for protection in the cloud environment were at a relatively unfavorable level. Also, the obstacles and challenges facing digital protection in the cloud environment were approved by the respondents.

Abstract 1.Introduction
Knowledge is the axis of value creation in today's organizations. Knowledge management as a strategic capital of an organization is considered the most important organizational advantage. On the other hand, the importance of sharing the experiences of librarians to each other in order to perform their professional duties, shows the role of knowledge transfer and sharing methods among librarians. These days, improving the performance of the organization is a response from an organization to face the challenges that arise from the rapid global transformations. From the organization's point of view, this challenge includes responding to the needs of customers and providing goods or services with a high degree of efficiency and in an efficient and effective manner. From the perspective of organizational members, this challenge includes improving the quality of work life. So that the organization is a pleasant and satisfying place for work and effort.
This paper examines the state of knowledge sharing among managers and librarians of public libraries in the city of Ahvaz. Every organization has its own culture, which is influenced by the culture of the organization's people. In this research, it has tried to measure the effect of culture on knowledge sharing in the form of components such as competition, motivation, support, cooperation, trust, etc.
Research questions are:

What is the culture of knowledge sharing among the employees (librarians and managers) of Ahvaz public libraries?
What are the different methods of sharing knowledge among the employees (librarians and managers) of public libraries in Ahvaz?
What is the status of information and communication technologies for sharing knowledge among public libraries in Ahvaz?


Literature Review

Literature review shows that there is a positive and significant relationship between organizational culture and knowledge sharing in many studies. For example, a study by Burnette (2017) aims to explore the nature of tacit knowledge (TK) sharing among library colleagues, with a focus on the characteristics of TK and contextual factors such as organizational culture or the mentor/mentee relationship. Three thematic areas emerged. First are the influence of organizational culture and the importance of trust in knowledge sharing behavior. Second, the value of teamwork and the significance of mentor/mentee roles surface as significant drivers of TK exchange. Last but not least is a better understanding of the nature of TK, as it relates to types of knowledge and characterizations of experience and expertise.

Methodology

This is an applied research and has been done by survey. The statistical population was all employees (managers and librarians) of public libraries in Ahvaz City and the implementation time was 2022. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data, and the content validity of the questionnaire was obtained by experts' opinion and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha (0.90) and dividing it into two halves (0.85). In analyzing the questionnaire data, descriptive statistics techniques were used for demographics, and techniques such as one-sample t-test and Friedman's rank average test were used for the questionnaire's inferential questions.

Results

In terms of the components of sharing culture, the competition between employees for sharing knowledge with the highest average (3.16) has the best status, and the managers' motivation to share knowledge with other libraries is the lowest with an average of 2.70. Also, the state of knowledge sharing in terms of different methods of knowledge sharing shows that the most favorable state is related to courses and workshops with an average of 3.55, followed by the enterprise resource planning (ERP) with 3.51, as well as the quality of personal communication and informal among librarians with an average of 3.26. The findings show the status of knowledge sharing and communication technology from the point of view of the managers and librarians of public libraries in the city. For instance, while training courses and workshops and personal and informal communication between librarians, as well as administrative automation are good, other things such as employee performance and the culture of knowledge sharing are less favorable. Cases were found where there was a lack of awareness of the importance of knowledge sharing and a lack of organizational support.

Conclusion

The results of the current research show that information and communication technology and then knowledge-sharing methods are in a more suitable situation than the categories of employee behavior and knowledge-sharing culture. According to the findings regarding the knowledge-sharing methods, where Friedman's test was used, the highest average rating was given to the method of sharing and exchanging knowledge from courses and workshops with an average rating of 9.63 with a deviation of 0.78. The next ranks were administrative automation system with an average rank of 9.43 and personal and informal communication between librarians with an average rank of 8.46. Finally, the knowledge management system with an average rating of 5.36, publications and bulletins with an average rating of 5.30, and public libraries with an average rating of 4.67, have the lowest average, which should be used by examining the problem of the degree of its solution.
Overall, this study shows there is a need to improve information technology and the culture of knowledge sharing.