Knowledge Retrieval and Semantic Systems

Design of the BookOnt Ontology Model for Book Resources Based on SPAR Ontologies Using a Linked Data Approach

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Ameneh Shenavar 1
Saeed Rezaei Sharifabadi 2
Akram Fathian Dastgerdi 3
Molouk sadat Hosseini Beheshti 4

1 , Department of Information Science , Faculty of Educational and Psychology , Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Information Science , Faculty of Educational and Psychology , Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

3 Islamic World Science and Technology Monitoring and Citation Institute (ISC), Shiraz

4 Terminology & Ontology Research Group; Iranian Research Institue for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc); Tehran, Iran

10.22054/jks.2026.95284.1788
Abstract
**Purpose:** This study aimed to develop an ontology model for book resources based on the SPAR Ontologies using a Linked Data approach to support semantic representation of bibliographic resources.

**Methodology:** This applied qualitative study employed comparative qualitative content analysis. The research population comprised book resources available in the National Library of Iran, including the Digital Library and RASA library system. A purposive maximum variation sample of 180 book resources was selected. Data were collected through systematic observation using a checklist developed based on the SPAR Ontologies.

**Findings:** The findings showed that the proposed BookOnt ontology successfully identified and organized metadata entities required for semantic representation of book resources. Integrating the SPAR Ontologies, RDA Registry, and Linked Data principles enabled structured representation of bibliographic entities, explicit modeling of relationships among works, and RDF-based knowledge representation. The resulting RDF graph demonstrated the ontology’s effectiveness in representing bibliographic metadata and semantic relationships in a machine-readable and interoperable form.

**Conclusion:** The proposed ontology provides a framework for semantic organization and representation of book resources and supports interoperability, semantic information retrieval, and development of Semantic Web–enabled library information systems.

Keywords

Book Ontology
SPAR Ontologies
Linked Data
Metadata
RDA Registry
Subjects
Knowledge Retrieval and Semantic Systems

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 21 September 2026

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