Research Paper
Evaluation of Information and Knowledge Retrieval Systems
Mahsa Dobahrizadeh; Mohammad Reza Farhadpour
Abstract
1. IntroductionInformation technology, which was considered a competitive advantage and a strategic weapon by organizations until a few years ago, is now regarded as a competitive necessity. The increasing wave of utilizing information technology has encompassed the country in recent years, and many ...
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1. IntroductionInformation technology, which was considered a competitive advantage and a strategic weapon by organizations until a few years ago, is now regarded as a competitive necessity. The increasing wave of utilizing information technology has encompassed the country in recent years, and many organizations show a strong desire to adopt these new technologies. In this context, hospitals, as one of the essential components of the progress and development of any country, are not exempt from this trend (Khandouzi & Latifi, 2011).The widespread use of information technology systems in hospitals and public healthcare centers (Aggelidis & Chatzoglou, 2012) is rooted in the belief that their implementation can have a profound impact on the quality of processes and health care outcomes (Ammenwerth, Rauchegger, Ehlers, Hirsch & Schaubmayr, 2011). Shiferaw et al. (2017) believe that the use of reliable information from health information systems over time significantly contributes to improving health outcomes, addressing inequalities, increasing efficiency, and encouraging innovative behaviors. Perhaps it is because of these advantages that many hospital nurses around the world strive to move from recording health information on paper to creating electronic health records (Rezaian et al., 2018).There is substantial evidence indicating that hospital information systems have created hazardous conditions for patient health due to poor design, inadequate implementation, or the inability to adapt and accept. Research has shown that many factors influence the effective use of information systems, and it seems that examining the effects of these factors and striving to strengthen the positive ones while providing solutions to address the hindering factors will play a significant role in overcoming the barriers to using information systems (Baratpour et al., 2017).The results of our studies show that the issue of using information, information systems and electronic media is a complex issue involving various factors such as organizational factors, including information culture as a factor in the formation of culture, organizational ownership of information, and job autonomy. Individual factors include the tendency to share information, organizational systems or departments, and in a free environment, comfort with computers and information factors. Also, in other studies, factors such as system quality, task technology suitability and information quality, internal factors and external factors, management support, training, user participation, information quality, system quality, support quality, system use, perceived usefulness, user characteristics, organizational structure, and management style have been investigated. Considering the breadth of factors studied in previous studies, it is clear that organizational, individual, and information variables are more relevant to the conditions of information flow in the hospital information system and have received less attention in previous studies. Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to determine what effect information culture, organizational ownership of information, tendency to share information, job independence, comfort with computers, and computer-based information characteristics have on the use of the information system of Amir al-Momenin Hospital in Ahvaz.Research Question(s)H1: Information culture has a significant positive effect on the use of the information system of Amir al-Momenin Hospital in Ahvaz.H2: Organizational ownership of information has a significant positive effect on the use of the information system of Amir al-Momenin Hospital in Ahvaz.H3: Tendency to share information has a significant positive effect on the use of the information system of Amir al-Momenin Hospital in Ahvaz.H4: Job independence has a significant positive effect on the use of the information system of Amir al-Momenin Hospital in Ahvaz.H5: Comfort with computers has a significant positive effect on the use of the information system of Amir al-Momenin Hospital in Ahvaz.H6: Characteristics of computer-based information have a significant positive effect on the use of the information system of Amir al-Momenin Hospital in Ahvaz.2. Literature ReviewA review of research literature shows that the use of information systems has increasingly become a major concern for information systems policymakers and organizational managers. This can be seen in the diversity of variables and components studied. The reason for this attention is, on the one hand, the expectations of managers to make better use of information systems in return for the costs incurred, and on the other hand, to help the organization's decision-making process centered on information. The results of the studies reviewed indicate that the variable of information system use has received less attention from researchers. Despite the fact that various variables have been the focus of research, it seems that on the one hand, it is necessary to separate these variables into different categories, and on the other hand, less attention has been paid to important variables such as information culture, ownership of organizational information, and information characteristics of systems. In simple terms, the totality of the variables studied in the present study has not been considered together in previous studies. In addition, they have not been specifically studied in relation to organizational information systems. Another noteworthy point is that these variables have not been studied in the field of hospital information systems. Given the importance of information and its correct, accurate, up-to-date and appropriate flow in the field of health and treatment, where on the one hand the slightest error may harm a patient's health and on the other hand disrupt the decision-making process, it is necessary to pay more attention to components such as organizational ownership of information, information culture, and computer-centric information characteristics. As a result, the present study, on the one hand, has considered several predictor variables that have been studied sporadically in previous studies and, on the other hand, has addressed their impact on the use of health information systems.3. MethodologyThe research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical survey in terms of nature. The research population was 250 users of hospital information systems, of which 151 were selected randomly. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire based on previous research tools. The instrument's content validity was approved. The confirmatory factor analysis and its reliability were confirmed using Cronbach's alpha (α=0.85). Data were analyzed by SPSS and Amos software.4. ResultsThe findings showed that information culture (β = 0.20 and t-value = 2.440), organizational ownership of information (β = 0.18 and t-value = 2.165), tendency to share information (β = 0.22 and t-value = 2.708), job independence (β = 0.17 and t-value = 2.119), comfort with computer (β = 0.24 and t-value = 2.929) and the characteristics of computer-based information (β = 0.17 and t-value = 2.055) have an effect on the use of the health information system of Amir al-Mominin Hospital of Ahvaz.5. DiscussionThe result is that the use of hospital information systems is a complex multidimensional issue and various individual, cultural, organizational and technological characteristics have an effect on it.6. ConclusionTherefore, it is suggested that the managers of the organization should show the importance of encouraging organizational behaviors and activities related to information, the correct definition of ownership of organizational information and its institutionalization, the use of reward mechanisms, encouragement, training and trust building. Sharing information for the organization, providing conditions for employees to use their individual and innovative capabilities freely in applying methods, making decisions and determining criteria, providing suitable training courses to improve the level of literacy and computer skills of employees, and improving the ability of the information system to provide appropriate outputs and reports related to the organization's needs.
Research Paper
Knowledge Management
Amir Abbas Mohebbian; Mansour Esmaeilpour; Behrooz Bayat; Mehrdad Mohammadzadeh Alamdary; Alireza Isfandyari Moghaddam
Abstract
1. IntroductionIn today’s world, knowledge management has become a critical aspect for organizations due to factors such as globalization, rapid technological advancement, and the need to share best practices. Knowledge management is a process through which organizations interact with their environment, ...
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1. IntroductionIn today’s world, knowledge management has become a critical aspect for organizations due to factors such as globalization, rapid technological advancement, and the need to share best practices. Knowledge management is a process through which organizations interact with their environment, absorb information, convert it into knowledge, and utilize it for decision-making, innovation, and gaining a competitive advantage. Scientific and research institutions, with knowledge at their core, must play an active role in developing and applying knowledge management systems. In this context, information technology plays a significant role in facilitating knowledge management processes.One emerging technology that addresses the challenges of traditional knowledge management is blockchain. With features such as transparency, high security, immutability of data, and reliable knowledge sharing, blockchain can be instrumental in transferring, storing, protecting, and utilizing knowledge. This technology is particularly valuable in preserving intellectual property and ensuring secure knowledge sharing among researchers.The present study aims to evaluate the current state of knowledge management implementation within the Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR) and propose a blockchain-based model for its deployment. Accordingly, five main questions are raised regarding the status of information technology, organizational structure, human resources, organizational culture, and the potential for blockchain-based knowledge management in ACECR.This research seeks to develop a practical blockchain-based framework to enhance the transparency, security, and protection of intellectual property, as well as to improve the processes of collecting, storing, sharing, safeguarding, and applying knowledge. The novelty of this study lies in presenting a process-oriented solution using blockchain technology for knowledge management implementation, which can also be adapted by similar knowledge-based organizations. Research Question(s)What is the status of information technology in ACECR for the implementation of knowledge management?What is the status of the organizational structure in ACECR for the implementation of knowledge management?What is the status of human resources in ACECR for the implementation of knowledge management?What is the status of organizational culture in ACECR for the implementation of knowledge management?2. Literature Reviewa) Conceptual Framework of Knowledge Management in Knowledge-Based CentersDue to its complexity in creation, dissemination, and institutionalization, knowledge has attracted significant attention both in academic literature and management fields (Maponya, 2019). While knowledge management and organizational learning have long been important in industry, their application in knowledge-based organizations has received limited focus (Piccoli & Ahmed, 2018, p. 229). The Gartner Group introduced a multi-layered knowledge management architecture. At the base level, intranets and extranets—including network service stations—are used to deliver knowledge management applications. The next level includes data stations and groupware applications, categorized under knowledge retrieval, which consists of cognitive (intellectual) and physical (operational) knowledge operations. The Gupta, Sharma, and Hsu model, designed based on the web, includes three layers (knowledge presentation, knowledge management, and data sources) and emphasizes the operational overlap of system components. It supports access to internal and external information resources, tools for acquiring, refining, classifying, storing, retrieving, publishing, and presenting knowledge, and roles such as knowledge facilitators, stewards, and engineers. The model uses a web-based interface at the top application level and emphasizes knowledge retrieval as a key addition to IT infrastructure and the core of knowledge architecture.The Organizational Capability Model highlights the need to identify and evaluate capabilities—both knowledge infrastructure (culture, structure, technology) and knowledge processes (acquisition, transformation, application, and protection)—to ensure success in scientific activities. Some researchers argue that tacit and incidental knowledge is representational (Kim et al., 2018, p. 80), while others believe it is hard to codify and transfer (Nonaka, 2010). Heit (2013) emphasized that one of the main goals of knowledge management is to collect and share tacit knowledge within the organization. The review goes under these subheadings.b) Blockchain TechnologyBlockchain was first introduced by the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 as a means to combine cryptography with a distributed ledger in digital currency (Zhou, Chen & Kou, 2019). A simple way to understand blockchain is as a ledger or database where past records cannot be altered—only new entries can be added (Oliveira Luján, 2019). Blockchain stores committed transactions in a chain of blocks (Zheng, Xie, Chen & Wang, 2018), which are distributed across network nodes (Nofer, Gomber, Hinz & Schiereck, 2020). Unlike centralized databases, it is decentralized and distributed across all connected computers (Önder & Treiblmaier, 2018).Key features of blockchain include:Consensus Mechanism: Each transaction is independently validated by participants (Liable et al., 2019), preventing fraud.Decentralization: Avoids central servers and promotes transparency (Beck, Lollike & Malone, 2020).Immutability: Cryptographic hashing ensures the chain cannot be altered (Iansiti & Lakhani, 2020).Peer-to-Peer Network: Direct transactions between sender and receiver without intermediaries (Chilukuri & Atili, 2021).Distributed Open Ledger: Shared access to a single source of truth for all parties (Chilukuri & Atili, 2021).Though Bitcoin is the most well-known blockchain application, the technology now extends far beyond digital currencies—into finance, healthcare, supply chains, smart energy, copyright protection, education, e-governance, voting, agriculture, real estate, and waste management (Akram & Malik, 2020). Academics have studied blockchain’s infrastructure, such as distributed storage, P2P networks, cryptography, smart contracts, and consensus algorithms (Kraft, 2016, p. 397).Blockchain enables users to add and track records in a secure, tamper-proof environment (Savelyev, 2019). Hacking blockchain requires breaking into numerous encrypted systems across the network, making it nearly impossible (Iansiti & Lakhani, 2020). Smart contracts, one of its core features, are self-executing programs that run when predefined conditions are met—without interference from third parties (Oh & Shong, 2018, p. 335; Li et al., 2018, p. 78).Despite being relatively new in the field of knowledge management, blockchain is considered one of the most transformative innovations after the internet (Li, Zhang & Dang, 2021).3. MethodologyStatistical Population, Sample, and Sampling Method:The statistical population of this study consisted of all members of the Academic Jihad organization (7,200 individuals). Using Morgan’s table, the sample size was determined to be 367 participants, who were selected through stratified random sampling.Research Instrument:The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the Likert scale (ranging from 1 to 6). The questionnaire included 47 items designed to assess the current state of organizational elements of knowledge management, including organizational culture, information technology, organizational structure, and human resources. To validate the questionnaire, content validity was evaluated. The reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, which resulted in a coefficient of 0.956.Data Analysis Method:The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, median, standard deviation, and variance) and inferential statistics, including one-sample t-test, independent t-test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA).4. DiscussionThis research aimed to evaluate the readiness of Jahad Daneshgahi (Academic Jihad) for implementing a knowledge management (KM) system using blockchain technology. The results revealed that among the four key organizational components—human resources, organizational structure, organizational culture, and information technology only human resources demonstrated a favorable status for KM implementation. The remaining components were assessed to be at a moderate level, indicating a need for organizational enhancement in terms of infrastructure, structure, and culture to support a successful KM deployment.Following this assessment, the study proposed a structured model for implementing knowledge management based on blockchain. This model includes critical features such as knowledge registration, rating systems, categorization, ordering mechanisms, rewards, reporting tools, Q&A systems, and evaluation modules. By utilizing blockchain, the model ensures secure, immutable, and decentralized storage and sharing of knowledge, addressing many challenges associated with traditional KM approaches.The advantages of using blockchain in KM, as highlighted in the study, include the protection of intellectual property, prevention of redundant efforts, faster access to validated knowledge, and enhanced transparency across the organization. The distributed nature of blockchain also helps prevent data manipulation and fosters a trusted environment for knowledge sharing.Despite its potential, several challenges to implementing blockchain-based KM systems remain. These include a lack of universal standards, incompatibility with existing IT infrastructure, funding limitations, and the need for organizational change management, especially in training and cultural alignment. Nevertheless, a pilot implementation in specialized research centers affiliated with Jahad Daneshgahi—such as the Royan Institute or the National Genetic and Biological Resource Center—could help validate the proposed model and guide broader adoption.In summary, this study is among the first to jointly examine the state of knowledge management in a scientific organization and propose a blockchain-based implementation plan tailored to local organizational conditions. The findings suggest that such an approach is not only feasible but also beneficial in addressing long-standing issues of knowledge retention, verification, and sharing. The model is adaptable and may serve as a reference for other knowledge-based organizations seeking to modernize their KM systems through emerging technologies like blockchain.
Research Paper
Knowledge Management
Saleh Talebi Kelishmi; Ghodratallah Mohammadi; Mohammad Razzaghi
Abstract
1. IntroductionIn today's organizational world, different generations of employees work and engage in activities alongside each other. Generations that differ from each other mainly in terms of knowledge, values, and skills, and these differences have also affected their behaviors. Some believe that ...
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1. IntroductionIn today's organizational world, different generations of employees work and engage in activities alongside each other. Generations that differ from each other mainly in terms of knowledge, values, and skills, and these differences have also affected their behaviors. Some believe that the existence of intergenerational differences in organizations can be a source of tension and conflict and have a negative impact on organizational performance. However, studies show that today, a successful organization is one that is able to manage the diversity of generations in the organization and create an environment of cooperation by creating an intergenerational culture and responding to the diverse needs of each generation of employees. Intergenerational culture means creating values and beliefs among people in an organization that enable them to tolerate people of different ages from different generations, so that they can respect each other's opinions, interact and communicate positively, and use each other's abilities to improve organizational work and activities. Innovation is an important and vital factor for organizations to create value and sustainable competitive advantage in today's complex and changing environment. It seems that one of the effective factors in the emergence of innovation is knowledge and information, which can be created in various ways, including knowledge sharing. Knowledge sharing should occur between employees of different generations. Generations that are mainly different from each other in terms of knowledge, values, and skills, and effective interaction between them requires the existence of an intergenerational culture in the organization. Therefore, due to the importance of the subject, the present study seeks to answer the question: Does the intergenerational culture of the organization affect innovation with the mediating role of knowledge sharing among Shiraz University employees?2. Literature ReviewSo far, various studies have been conducted on each of the variables studied in the study, and some of the most important ones have been briefly mentioned. Research by Cohen (2006) and Ropes (2011) showed that dimensions of intergenerational culture have a positive and significant effect on the growth of individuals' innovation. Also, Chen et al. (2014) and Li and Hong (2014) concluded in their research that knowledge sharing has a positive and significant effect on individuals' innovation. Sivén and Ivantsova (2017), Brčić and Mihelič (2015), Harvey (2012), and Burris (2012) found that different dimensions of intergenerational culture can have a positive and significant impact on knowledge sharing. The findings of Al-Ahmad, Easa, and Mostapha (2020) indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between knowledge sharing and knowledge and innovation in production and process.3. MethodologyThe research method is a descriptive correlation type. The statistical population of the research included all the employees of Shiraz University, a total of 700 people, of which 248 people were selected using a simple random sampling method. The tools of this research included the intergenerational culture questionnaire of King and Brandt (2017), knowledge sharing by van den Hoof and de Ryder (2004), and Holman et al.'s (2012) innovative behavior. The content validity of the questionnaires was approved by the experts, and the reliability of the questionnaires was estimated by Cronbach's alpha method as 0.91, 0.81 and 0.84, respectively. Data analysis was done at two descriptive and inferential levels, including the Pearson correlation coefficient and the structural equation model. 4. ResultsThe results of the research showed that the existence of an intergenerational constructive culture has a positive and significant effect on the growth of knowledge-sharing behavior. In addition, knowledge-sharing behavior also has a positive and significant effect on the growth of employees' innovation. Also, intergenerational culture in the university has a positive but insignificant effect on employee innovation. Therefore, the intergenerational culture in the university can influence the innovation of the employees due to the knowledge-sharing behavior.5. DiscussionToday, in organizations, different generations of employees with different beliefs and values work together. Failure to properly manage such differences can cause disruption and create tension and conflict in organizations. However, the existence of a correct intergenerational culture in the organization can not only prevent such conflicts from occurring, but can also guide such diversity in organizations in a way that leads to improved work and organizational activities. Based on the results obtained, intergenerational culture has a positive and significant effect on the development of knowledge-sharing behavior. This finding means that the more the values and beliefs among the organization's people tend toward tolerance of people of different ages and generations, respect for each other's opinions, positive interaction and communication between different generations, avoidance of intergenerational stereotypes, and creating a platform for the growth, promotion, and retention of employees from different generations, the more the platform for constructive interaction and knowledge sharing between individuals is provided. Another finding of this research is the positive and significant impact of knowledge-sharing behavior on the growth of employee innovation. Therefore, knowledge sharing can provide the basis for creating and implementing new ideas and benefiting the organization by providing individuals with a set of necessary and up-to-date knowledge and information. Another finding of this research is the positive but insignificant effect of intergenerational culture in the university on employee innovation. Based on this and other research findings, although intergenerational culture can have a positive impact on the innovation of university employees, this impact is not direct but occurs indirectly through knowledge sharing. The reason for this finding may be in the nature of innovation, because innovation requires up-to-date knowledge and information. Therefore, knowledge sharing can facilitate this. However, knowledge sharing also requires cooperation and interaction between individuals and their willingness to share their knowledge with others, which can also be influenced by the existence of an intergenerational culture.6. ConclusionConsidering the above, it can be concluded that the existence of an intergenerational culture in the university, i.e. a culture in which respect for the values and beliefs of all generations, intergenerational interactions and collaborations, acceptance and promotion of employees of different generations, and retention are valued, can pave the way for the growth of knowledge sharing behavior and have a positive and meaningful impact on knowledge sharing. Also, the growth of knowledge-sharing behavior among university employees can have a positive and significant impact on the emergence of innovation among employees. In addition, intergenerational culture in universities can affect the growth of innovation through knowledge-sharing behavior.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful for the kindness and cooperation of the staff of Shiraz University, who paved the way for this research with their mutual understanding and support.
Research Paper
Knowledge Management
Reza Karimi; Rahil Karimian
Abstract
1. IntroductionKnowledge-based enterprises (KBEs) are heavily reliant on effective knowledge management processes to maintain their competitiveness and drive innovation. However, these companies face significant challenges in implementing and optimizing these processes. The main issue is the difficulty ...
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1. IntroductionKnowledge-based enterprises (KBEs) are heavily reliant on effective knowledge management processes to maintain their competitiveness and drive innovation. However, these companies face significant challenges in implementing and optimizing these processes. The main issue is the difficulty in identifying and analyzing the factors that influence the success of knowledge management in these enterprises. Challenges in this context include the integration of new knowledge and technology for innovation in knowledge management, the need to align knowledge management strategies with the overall strategies of the organization to maximize benefits, and identifying and implementing key success factors such as organizational culture, human capital, managerial support, and information technology infrastructure. Additionally, effectively utilizing knowledge assets involves complex processes such as knowledge governance, establishing relationships, and protecting knowledge, as well as motivating and committing individuals to share and utilize knowledge. This research aims to provide a framework for identifying and analyzing the factors influencing the success of knowledge-based businesses, focusing on knowledge management processes.2. Literature ReviewSabri-Moghadam (2023) examined the impact of strategic alignment of knowledge management on the performance of knowledge-based businesses. A descriptive-survey method was utilized for this research. The study highlighted aspects such as knowledge storage and retention, knowledge creation and dissemination, knowledge application, motivation and rewards, leadership in knowledge-based environments, the presence of skilled personnel, government financial support for knowledge-based companies, and senior management commitment, as well as research and development.Sharafi (2022) focused on presenting a comprehensive model for human capital management with an emphasis on the marketing unit of knowledge-based businesses, employing a mixed-methods approach. The research pointed to factors such as strengthening organizational culture, benefiting from efficient managers, suitable technology, dynamic organizational structure, and the productivity of creative human resources.Rahimi (2021) identified and ranked the factors influencing the development of human resources in knowledge-driven businesses among knowledge-based business managers in Tehran. Using a descriptive-survey method, the study addressed factors such as competency development, performance management, and adherence to ethics, management training, and knowledge management.Oshamio and Olaz (2023) investigated the effects of environmental factors on knowledge management businesses. The research employed a survey method and highlighted factors including environmental infrastructure, knowledge strategy, a knowledge-oriented culture, success in knowledge-based groups, public awareness, cultural services of knowledge companies, human resource management, employee and management trust, inter-employee trust, infrastructure for utilizing new technologies, communication and information infrastructure, product development network structure, coordination mechanisms, and characteristics of the product development team.Nasr Isfahani and Rahbari (2022) focused on identifying the factors influencing the establishment of knowledge-based sports companies based on electronic knowledge using a grounded theory approach. The researchers identified factors such as knowledge, increasing the number of capable technical vendors, equipment, stable team members (maintaining and enhancing motivation, focus, etc.), internal team collaboration, high-spirited team members, skills, access to specialized academic personnel, government policy and governance, comprehensive planning to support knowledge-based companies, government financial support for knowledge-based companies, trust between employees and management, strong team management, formulating supportive government policies, entrepreneurial spirit, knowledge culture, success in knowledge-based groups, public awareness, cultural services of knowledge-based companies, access to technical infrastructure, high quality, communication and information infrastructure such as bandwidth, internet speed, and data centers, reductions in information and communication technology costs, and foundational services in the country, suitable infrastructure for utilizing new technologies such as cloud computing, the Internet of Things, big data analytics, and mobile technologies, as well as the geographical focus of the industry.Alvarez Morales and Ramirez Herrera (2021) identified the success factors for knowledge-based businesses using a descriptive-survey method. They noted factors such as senior management support and commitment, policy-making and planning, collaboration between companies (organizations), monitoring and evaluation, organizational structure, organizational infrastructure, contractual and political constraints, goal setting and planning, knowledge sharing, knowledge learning, organizational goals, strategies, and visions, prevailing conditions in the organization, performance evaluation, progress, flexibility, and knowledge strategy.Ghorbani, Shayyan, and Khanzadeh (2020) proposed a model for establishing a comprehensive knowledge management system in knowledge-based organizations based on success factors. They developed a researcher-made questionnaire using a descriptive-survey method, addressing factors such as environmental infrastructure, system and evaluation, leadership and leadership support, organizational culture, knowledge sharing, learning culture, information technology, motivational incentives, human resource management, experienced advisory teams, knowledge strategies, and knowledge-related activities and processes.3. MethodologyThis research is quantitative in nature and is applied in purpose. The study utilized fuzzy Delphi and Marcus methods for data analysis. The research population consisted of experts in the fields of knowledge management, economics, and knowledge-based business. Sampling was conducted based on the expertise of specialists in knowledge management processes and factors influencing the success of knowledge-based enterprises, with 13 individuals selected as the sample. The criterion for selecting the sample size in this study was theoretical saturation. The data collection tools in this study included interviews and questionnaires (expert assessment questionnaire and Marcu’s method questionnaire). The expert assessment questionnaire was developed based on a review of the literature in the fields of knowledge management and knowledge-based businesses, as well as interviews conducted with experts, and it possesses content validity. Additionally, using the Lawshe content validity ratio and feedback from experts, the validity and content reliability of the research factors were confirmed. The second questionnaire pertains to the Marcus method, which is standardized and its validity is guaranteed. It should be noted that the input for these methods is the output filtered through the fuzzy Delphi method. To evaluate the research factors, six indices were utilized: human, environmental, organizational, cultural, technological, structures, and processes. Through a review of the literature and interviews with knowledge management experts, 43 factors were identified, which were narrowed down to 27 final components after the fuzzy Delphi filtering. The filtering of the extracted indices was carried out through the distribution of expert assessment questionnaires, and the fuzzy Delphi method was used for the screening of factors.4. ConclusionClear goal setting and planning not only determine the path and direction of businesses but also effectively create focus and motivation within teams. In fact, effective policy-making and governance contribute to defining the structures and processes necessary for knowledge management and enhance internal communications and interactions with stakeholders. Furthermore, a positive and supportive organizational culture fosters knowledge sharing and exchange, allowing team members to operate in a safe and creative environment. A culture of innovation and creativity also stimulates new ideas and creates a conducive space for experimentation and learning from mistakes. Ultimately, the synergy among these factors leads to the establishment of a knowledge-based ecosystem where innovation, collaboration, and continuous learning are at the core of activities.
Research Paper
Information and Knowledge Management
Alireza Koushkie; Shabnam Zarjou; Zahra ghafouri
Abstract
1. IntroductionConsidering the negative effects and consequences of knowledge hiding on this mission, in the present study, we aim to examine the impact of organizational ostracism and instrumental thinking as independent variables and sacrificial leadership as a mediating variable on the emergence of ...
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1. IntroductionConsidering the negative effects and consequences of knowledge hiding on this mission, in the present study, we aim to examine the impact of organizational ostracism and instrumental thinking as independent variables and sacrificial leadership as a mediating variable on the emergence of knowledge hiding among faculty members at the College of Science, University of Tehran. This research seeks to take an effective step toward achieving one of the institution's goals: nurturing upright, ethical, and vibrant individuals. Since the simultaneous examination and measurement of these four variables have not been previously explored in prior studies by other researchers, the necessity and gap addressed by this study become even more evident.Therefore, the main research question of this study is: Can sacrificial leadership play a mediating role in the relationship between organizational ostracism and instrumental thinking on knowledge hiding among university professors?Research Question(s)Hypothesis 1: It appears that organizational ostracism has a significant effect on knowledge hiding.Hypothesis 2: It appears that instrumental thinking has a significant effect on knowledge hiding.Hypothesis 3: It appears that sacrificial leadership plays a mediating role in the effect of organizational ostracism on knowledge hiding.Hypothesis 4: It appears that sacrificial leadership plays a mediating role in the effect of instrumental thinking on knowledge hiding.2. Literature ReviewA review of prior research indicates that the variables of knowledge hiding, instrumental thinking, organizational ostracism, and sacrificial leadership have been previously examined in various contexts. International studies have explored different aspects of these variables: Riyad et al. (2019) investigated the relationship between ostracism and knowledge hiding with job tension as a mediator, while Bhatti et al. (2023) examined organizational ostracism's impact on knowledge hiding through the mediating roles of efficacy needs and psychological distress. Other notable studies include Al-Jubouri and Fleifel's (2020) analysis of knowledge hiding and workplace ostracism, Zhao et al.'s (2016) work on workplace ostracism and knowledge hiding, and Shah and Hashemi's (2019) study of organizational culture's relationship with knowledge hiding through workplace ostracism and incivility. Abdullah et al. (2020) focused on ethical leadership's effects on knowledge hiding with relational social capital and instrumental thinking as mediators, and Sabrina (2023) explored sacrificial leadership in the context of knowledge sharing and hiding, considering employee trust and intrinsic motivation as mediators.In the Iranian academic context, several studies have addressed related themes. Sepahvand and Momeni Mofrad (2020) examined workplace ostracism and knowledge hiding with job tension as a mediator, while Sharai and Jafari (2023) studied ostracism and workplace incivility's effects on knowledge hiding through job anxiety. Kamalipour et al. (2022) contributed by proposing a knowledge-hiding model emphasizing ostracism. Despite these valuable contributions, three significant research gaps emerge from this comprehensive review. First, no existing study has simultaneously investigated sacrificial leadership alongside knowledge hiding, ostracism, and instrumental thinking. Second, the domestic research landscape shows a complete absence of studies examining instrumental thinking, even in combination with other variables. Third, while some studies have explored partial relationships between these variables, none have integrated all four key elements of the current research.This study represents the first attempt, both in Iran and internationally, to comprehensively analyze organizational ostracism and instrumental thinking as independent variables, knowledge hiding as the dependent variable, and sacrificial leadership as a mediating factor. The inclusion of sacrificial leadership is particularly significant as it introduces a positively connoted variable into the examination of knowledge hiding phenomena. By addressing these interconnected variables in a single framework, this research makes an original contribution to the field, helping to bridge important theoretical and empirical gaps in our understanding of knowledge hiding dynamics in academic settings. The innovative approach not only expands the current body of knowledge but also offers practical insights that could inform organizational policies and leadership practices in higher education institutions.3. MethodologyThe present study adopts a survey research strategy with the aim of examining the relationships between variables. For data collection, standardized questionnaires derived from theoretical literature and previous studies were utilized. To ensure the validity of the questionnaires in terms of content and face validity, input was obtained from three professors specializing in organizational behavior. The questionnaires employed in this study include: the Organizational Ostracism Scale (Ferris, Brown, Berry, & Lian, 2008), the Instrumental Thinking Scale (Abdullah et al., 2019), the Sacrificial Leadership Questionnaire (Kark & Van Dijk, 2004), and the Knowledge Hiding Scale (Connelly, Zweig, Webster, & Trougakos, 2012). All items were measured using a five-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree".The reliability of the research instruments was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha coefficients, which were as follows: organizational ostracism (α = 0.71), instrumental thinking (α = 0.73), sacrificial leadership (α = 0.77), and knowledge hiding (α = 0.74). The target population of this study consists of faculty members at the College of Science, University of Tehran, with an estimated total of 151 individuals. The sample size was determined using Sample Power software, resulting in 130 participants selected through random sampling.For data analysis, statistical software and structural equation modeling (SEM) tools, including AMOS and SPSS, were employed. Sample Power software was used to determine the appropriate sample size. To examine the relationships between variables and generalize the findings from the sample to the population, regression models (including mediation analysis) and path analysis were utilized to test the research hypotheses. Additionally, the conceptual model of the study was evaluated using structural equation modeling (SEM), with particular attention given to assessing the measurement model and structural model fit. The results of these analyses will be presented in detail in the following sections. 4. ResultsThe analysis of the first hypothesis findings revealed that the independent variable (organizational ostracism) demonstrated a significant effect (β = 0.68) on the dependent variable (knowledge hiding), indicating a substantial relationship. The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.46) suggests that organizational ostracism explains 46% of the variance in knowledge hiding behavior. In practical terms, this means that nearly half of knowledge hiding incidents among faculty members can be attributed to experiences of organizational ostracism. These results confirm that organizational ostracism significantly influences knowledge hiding patterns, enabling the prediction of knowledge concealment behaviors based on ostracism levels within the academic community. Regarding the second hypothesis, the independent variable (instrumental thinking) showed a meaningful effect (β = 0.42) on knowledge hiding, representing a moderate but noteworthy relationship. With an R² value of 0.18, instrumental thinking accounts for 18% of the variance in knowledge hiding, indicating that nearly one-fifth of knowledge concealment behaviors stem from instrumental thinking tendencies. This finding establishes instrumental thinking as another significant predictor of knowledge hiding among faculty members. The mediation analysis yielded important insights. Both direct and indirect effects of organizational ostracism on knowledge hiding proved statistically significant (p < 0.01), while the direct effects of organizational ostracism on sacrificial leadership (p < 0.0001) and of sacrificial leadership on knowledge hiding (p < 0.0001) were similarly significant. These results collectively demonstrate that sacrificial leadership partially mediates the relationship between organizational ostracism and knowledge hiding, thereby confirming the third hypothesis. Parallel findings emerged regarding the fourth hypothesis. The significant direct and indirect effects of instrumental thinking on knowledge hiding (p < 0.0001), coupled with significant direct effects of instrumental thinking on sacrificial leadership (p < 0.0001) and of sacrificial leadership on knowledge hiding (p < 0.0001), indicate that sacrificial leadership also partially mediates the relationship between instrumental thinking and knowledge hiding, thus validating the fourth hypothesis. 5. ConclusionThe study's comprehensive findings highlight that knowledge hiding among university faculty stems primarily from two organizational phenomena: workplace ostracism and instrumental thinking patterns. Left unaddressed, these factors may gradually erode institutional knowledge-sharing cultures and hinder collective intellectual growth. The research particularly emphasizes the crucial mitigating role of sacrificial leadership, suggesting that targeted development of leadership qualities characterized by selflessness and organizational commitment could effectively counteract both ostracism tendencies and instrumental thinking patterns. This insight points toward valuable interventions for academic administrators seeking to foster more open, collaborative knowledge environments in higher education institutions.
Research Paper
Information and Knowledge Management
Rahim Shahbazi; Fatemeh Beheshtdost
Abstract
1. IntroductionThe success and profitability of organizations depend on the presence of competent and capable people. For this reason, organizations try to identify the factors that affect the strengthening of human resources and make the necessary planning. In this regard, “knowledge sharing” ...
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1. IntroductionThe success and profitability of organizations depend on the presence of competent and capable people. For this reason, organizations try to identify the factors that affect the strengthening of human resources and make the necessary planning. In this regard, “knowledge sharing” is mentioned as one of the effective factors for strengthening human resources. Lin (2007) believes that knowledge sharing leads to the formation of new ideas and strengthening human resources in a knowledge-based economy. Accordingly, organizations and companies that are constantly involved in providing quality goods and services also try to pay attention to the basic components of strengthening the culture of knowledge sharing. Knowledge sharing refers to the process through which knowledge is shared among the employees of an organization. During knowledge sharing, competent employees try to share experience-based knowledge with stakeholders (including colleagues, managers or customers) so that they can also perform better. Of course, persuasion and attention to the factors (material and spiritual) that affect knowledge sharing have always been one of the main challenges of human resource management in organizations. In knowledge sharing, individuals must provide others with the knowledge that is the result of their years of effort and experience, while this knowledge may be one of the key factors of their individual advantage in the organization. Therefore, it is natural that they must have strong incentives or motivations to do this. The level of participation of individuals in various knowledge sharing processes in the organization can be affected by their perception of the potential benefits that they may gain as a result. Studying and identifying factors that facilitate knowledge sharing behavior (including emotional intelligence) among employees has long been of interest. Of course, based on the results of numerous studies, the relationship between emotional intelligence and other variables (including media literacy, communication skills, psychological climate, job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, emotional organizational commitment, subjective well-being, and employee attitudes) has also been confirmed. Emotional intelligence, which is the ability to control and effectively use defined emotions, contributes to performing rational behaviors and effective communication with others (Taboli, 2013). In other words, the higher the emotional intelligence of individuals, the more rational their behavior will be. Emotional intelligence is related to the ability to communicate with others and social media literacy. People with higher emotional intelligence will avoid emotional and irrational behaviors in different environments. Having communication skills will lead to rational behaviors with others. Communication skills can be defined as the ability to effectively send and receive information, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes. Social media literacy also refers to the correct and intelligent use of social media (such as Instagram and Telegram). Social media literacy enables individuals to move beyond being illiterate listeners and consumers of information (true or false) and to act proactively. Due to the Internet and the expansion of the use of virtual networks, the general public is exposed to a wealth of information. This has led to a greater need for intelligent individuals to behave logically and intelligently in virtual environments. It seems that the variables of emotional intelligence and communication skills have additional importance among librarians, because they can act as essential and influential elements in attracting and retaining patrons to public libraries. Today, public libraries - whose philosophy of existence is to serve the community, due to having patrons from different classes, tastes and cultures, must have literate, intelligent and communication-skilled individuals in their service. A deficiency or gap in these areas and a decrease in patron satisfaction can further damage the acceptability of libraries and pose a more serious challenge to their existential philosophy, especially in the present era. The present study was conducted in the public library environment of East Azarbaijan Province, a province with linguistic and cultural diversity, and attempts to study the relationship between emotional intelligence and knowledge sharing with the mediating role of social media literacy and communication skills among librarians.Research hypothesesThere is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and "social media literacy".There is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and librarians' communication skills.There is a significant relationship between social media literacy and librarians' knowledge sharing.There is a significant relationship between librarians' communication skills and knowledge sharing.There is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and librarians' knowledge sharing.There is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and knowledge sharing mediated by librarians' "social media literacy".There is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and knowledge sharing mediated by communication skills.2. Literature ReviewLiterature review goes here. Direct citations of 40 words and more must be separated into a block quote, without quotation marks:3. MethodologyThis research is based on the nature and general characteristics, quantitative, and based on the research and data collection method, it is a description of the correlation type based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research was the librarians of the public libraries of East Azarbaijan province in 1401 (n=401). Four standard questionnaires, including the Schutte emotional intelligence questionnaire (1998), Zadboud et al., communication skills questionnaire (2022), Mojaradi social media literacy questionnaire (2014), and Ajzan knowledge sharing questionnaire (2006) were used to collect data. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by the Cronbach alpha coefficient, which was equal to 0.89, 0.86, 0.81, and 0.79, respectively. Using SPSS and Amos software, data analysis was performed at both descriptive and inferential levels.4. ResultsBased on the findings, there is a positive and significant correlation between emotional intelligence, communication skills, and social media literacy with knowledge sharing, at 0.688, 0.701, and 0.544, respectively. Findings showed the fit of the conceptual model presented regarding the relationship between emotional intelligence, communication skills, social media literacy, and knowledge sharing among librarians (RMSEA=0.78, CFI=0.94, GFI=0.98). Also, it is recommended that in the educational system of Iran and by the Iran Public Libraries Foundation, necessary planning should be done to strengthen the mentioned variables, especially emotional intelligence.5. DiscussionIn knowledge sharing, individuals must provide others with the hidden knowledge that is the result of their years of hard work and experience. While this knowledge may be one of their superior advantages in the organization. For this reason, the willingness of individuals to share knowledge without expecting a corresponding reward from others may not seem very logical. The findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and librarians' knowledge sharing. It seems that people with high emotional intelligence think that if they share their useful experiences with others, they will be encouraged (verbally or financially) by their colleagues or managers more; for this reason, they share knowledge with this assumption, so the existence of a relationship between these two variables also seems to be somewhat reasonable.6. ConclusionAccording to the findings of the present study, it can be claimed that the emotional intelligence variable has the ability to influence the communication skills, social media literacy, and knowledge sharing of librarians. Accordingly, it is likely that weakness in communication skills and social media literacy can also have a negative impact on the indirect effect of emotional intelligence on knowledge sharing behavior.
Research Paper
Intelligent Recovery Systems
Majid Farahian; Farshad Parhamnia
Abstract
1. IntroductionIt seems that the type of information-seeking behavior of students can be effective in their learning of foreign languages because, according to the researchers' experience, many students believe that the only way to succeed in the English language course is to use the guidebook as the ...
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1. IntroductionIt seems that the type of information-seeking behavior of students can be effective in their learning of foreign languages because, according to the researchers' experience, many students believe that the only way to succeed in the English language course is to use the guidebook as the only source of information. Others go further and look for the meaning of words with the help of printed or electronic dictionaries. This is while they leave other useful information sources unused. Several educational factors, such as the lack of information-seeking behavior training by professors and psychological-individual factors such as the type of people's thinking levels and reflective thinking can affect this behavior. Considering that so far no study has been conducted on the simultaneous examination of reflective thinking and information-seeking behavior in the fields of medical sciences in the country, and taking into consideration the relationship between information-seeking behavior and reflective thinking, it is possible that high levels of reflective thinking, which is also problem-oriented, can improve the information-seeking behavior of students of the field of medical sciences. With such an approach, the purpose of this research was to predict information-seeking behavior based on the reflective thinking of medical science students in ESP courses.Research Question (s)Considering the theoretical background, three questions are formulated:What level of information-seeking behavior do medical science students have in ESP courses?What level of reflective thinking do medical science students have?Is reflective thinking of medical science students a predictor of their information-seeking behavior in ESP courses?2. Literature ReviewAs the researchers investigated, no study was found that directly deals with the relationship between reflective thinking and information-seeking behavior in ESP courses in the field of medical sciences. However, in recent decades, studies have been conducted on reflective thinking and information-seeking behavior inside and outside the country, which are aligned with some of the components of the current research. The results of Hariri and Bagherinejad (2012) showed that there was no significant relationship between critical thinking and voluntary Internet search in the research community. Also, the study by Kerman Saravi, Navabi Rigi and Ebrahimy Tabas (2012) revealed that the average critical thinking ability of first-year, fourth-year nursing students and clinical nurses indicated that critical thinking ability was weak in all three studied groups. Rezaei et al. (2014) showed that the average scores of critical thinking of all students were weak. The research of Ghaebi and Amiri Pari (2015) showed that there is no significant relationship between critical thinking skills and students' information-seeking behavior on the web, and the level of critical thinking of students in colleges is the same, but their information-seeking behavior is different. Kavaroie, Momeni and Haji Zynolabedini (2016) showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between metacognitive strategies and the information-seeking behavior of faculty members. Tahmasebi Limoni and Ghiasi (2013) reported that there is a difference between the critical thinking of faculty members and the search for behavior; there was no significant relationship between their information. The study by Haghparast et al. (2016) again concluded that most graduate students had a score below and equal to the average level, and there was a relationship between some sub-components of critical thinking and information-seeking behavior.3.MethodologyThe present research method was a survey type in terms of the practical purpose. The statistical population of the research consists of 377 students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences and the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah, who have completed or were in the process of completing the ESP course. The data collection tool was done by using two questionnaires, including reflective thinking (Kember et al.,2000). The questionnaire has 16 items and 4 components, which include normal action, including four items, comprehension component with four items, reflection component with four items and critical thinking component with four items. This scale can assess reflective thinking in an ESP course. The second information-seeking behavior questionnaire was developed by the researchers. The researcher-made information-seeking behavior questionnaire with 16 items was general, which examines how people behave when searching for information in ESP courses. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaires. The results of this test for the reflective thinking questionnaire were 0.864, and the information-seeking behavior questionnaire was 0.623. Data analysis was done using the sign test, and multiple regression using SPSS 23 software.4. ResultsThe first question of the research inquired the level of information-seeking behavior of the ESP students. The results of the sign test showed that the average information-seeking behavior in general was 2.64. Comparing the score of information-seeking behavior with the average index (3) shows its significance. The z-score of the information-seeking behavior variable is equal to -144.18, which, according to its significance level (sig.= 0.000), indicates that the difference between the averages is statistically significant. Therefore, the first hypothesis of the study was accepted.The second research question explored the level of reflective thinking of the ESP students. The results of the sign test showed that the average level of reflective thinking in general was 2.84. Comparing the reflective thinking level score with the average index (3) shows its significance. The z-score of the information-seeking behavior variable is equal to -5.585, which, according to its significance level (sig.= 0.000), indicates that the difference between the averages is statistically significant. Therefore, the second hypothesis was accepted.The third research question investigated whether the reflective thinking of medical science students predicts their information-seeking behavior in ESP courses. The results of the multiple regression test showed that the obtained R-value is equal to 0.561. The R2 coefficient shows that this variable was able to explain approximately 31% of the variance of information-seeking behavior. The standardized beta coefficient indicates that the habit variable (β=-0.246), understanding variable (β=0.283), reflection variable (β=0.262), and critical reflection variable (β=0.136) explain the changes related to information seeking behavior by 0.24, 0.28, 0.26, and 0.13 percentage respectively. In addition, the results of the correlation coefficients showed that the habit variable as a predictor variable explains 7.07%, understanding 1.41%, reflection 1.18%, and critical reflection 2.25% of the variance of information5. 5. ConclusionThe results of the present study indicated that ESP students have a low level of reflective thinking and also the findings showed that reflective thinking is able to predict students' information seeking skill in ESP courses. It is very important to pay attention to high levels of thinking in medical students. This importance in the ESP course is double due to the necessity of learning foreign languages for these students. Furthermore, the information-seeking behavior of ESP students will be beneficial if they use reflective thinking more. Accordingly, it seems essential that policymakers and curriculum planners pay special attention to the further promotion of critical thinking and its role in ESP students' information-seeking behavior in ESP courses
Research Paper
Fatemeh Dekamini; fariba salahi; Hossein Nazari Farrokhi; Ebrahim Nazari Farokhi
Abstract
1. IntroductionToday's successful organizations are those that have created or acquired new knowledge and transformed it into practical methods to improve their activities, and this is achieved through adherence to professional ethics principles such as privacy, fundamental freedoms, moral responsibility, ...
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1. IntroductionToday's successful organizations are those that have created or acquired new knowledge and transformed it into practical methods to improve their activities, and this is achieved through adherence to professional ethics principles such as privacy, fundamental freedoms, moral responsibility, a value-based and responsible attitude, a sense of cooperation and ownership, and confidentiality (Riyazet-Kash, Khayat-Moghaddam, and Rezaei-Far, 2018). Because the rapid growth of e-commerce and the increasing number of online businesses have led to increased consumer concerns about ethical issues surrounding online shopping (Hamidianpour and Izadi, 2018).Given the importance and necessity of observing ethical principles by e-businesses in order to retain customers on the one hand and develop and grow the business on the other, and knowing that failure to observe these principles causes customers to distance themselves from e-business, this research has attempted to extract ethical criteria in e-businesses and then examine these criteria in terms of their importance and impact, and ultimately take a positive step towards structuring ethical frameworks in the field of e-business.2. Literature ReviewBusiness ethics provide guidelines for acceptable behaviour by organizations in both strategy formulation and day-to-day operations. An ethical approach is essential for the success of companies and for presenting a positive image of the company (Chitrangda, 2014). Ethics-based practical approaches are a conscious adherence to ethical standards that guide individuals and businesses to follow certain rules in their interactions with people inside and outside the organization (Ononogbo, Jejuel, & Adja, 2016). One of the perspectives of modern management is that by observing the ethical responsibility associated with organizations and their stakeholders, these financial institutions can achieve long-term success in e-business (Turbin, King, Lee, Warkentin, Chung, & Chang, 2000).All text paragraphs should be single spaced, with the first line indented by 10 mm. Double spacing should only be used before and after headings and subheadings as shown in this example. Position and style of headings and subheadings should follow this example. No spaces should be placed between paragraphs.Toriyakira states that ethical issues, in turn, have affected the reputation and survival of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially in developing countries. He considers the key to protecting the company's interests against competitors to be compliance with ethical issues on the part of the company, and to gain awareness of these issues, he suggests education and raising the level of awareness in the field of ethics for managers and personnel.3. MethodologyThe present study is applied research. This research is qualitative because it uses the grounded theory method, and on the other hand, it is quantitative because it uses the structural equation modeling method and the hierarchical method; therefore, this research is of a mixed type. The number of members of the target population in the interview stage is the total number of active managers in the field of e-business in Tehran. Among these people, 23 people were selected as the sample size. In the second stage, 209 people were selected from 462 personnel working in the field of e-business using the Cochran formula as a statistical sample. The method of selecting the members of the statistical sample in the first stage was the purposive sampling method. In the second stage, the simple random sampling method was used.In order to analyze the data received from the interviews with experts, the grounded theory method was used. Grounded theory is a research theory method that is suitable for studying phenomena that are not well understood or explained, or for gaining new insights into a familiar phenomenon. The goal of grounded theory is to produce a theory in the form of a set of interrelated hypotheses that are obtained through continuous comparison of data and are highly abstract.To analyze the impact of the components used in structural equation modeling, LISREL 16 software was used. In addition, the AHP method was used to prioritize the extracted components, for which purpose Excel software was used to determine the geometric mean between the experts and Expert Choice 11 software.4. ResultsImmediately after the interview, the first step in the analysis was carried out through the conceptualization of the data. For this purpose, the interview data were carefully studied and examined, and the extracted data were coded under common codes. In fact, all the stages of analysis and coding, discovery of categories, description of categories according to their characteristics and open coding table were carried out. These concepts were carried out under the title of initial coding.Next, we started a confirmatory factor analysis on the mediating variable, namely customer loyalty, and the dependent variable, namely e-business growth. For this purpose, we started to examine the fit of the questions. As shown in Table 1, all the factor loadings obtained are above 0.5, which means that the fit of all the manifest variables to measure the mediating and dependent variables is confirmed and acceptable. In other words, all the manifest variables are fit to measure the defined latent variables.After examining the fit of the obvious variables and recording the results, it is time to build the research model. For this purpose, a model was built. Figure 2 shows the values of the path coefficient between all independent variables with the mediating and dependent variables, and the significance of the relationship between most of the independent variables with the mediating and dependent variables was confirmed, and finally we built the final model along with displaying the T-Value. The only variable whose relationship with both the mediating and dependent variables was not confirmed was the fulfillment of commitments. The results are shown in Figure 1.Finally, the geometric mean of the experts' opinions was entered into the Expert Choice software for prioritization, and the ethical dimensions questioned in terms of importance were: customer information security, customer privacy, gaining customer trust, fulfilling commitments, and updating services.5. Discussion and ConclusionIn the present study, ethical criteria in e-businesses and their prioritization were extracted using a mixed approach. After receiving the opinions of e-business managers and extracting sentences from the responses of these managers and also from several articles, 48 related sentences were extracted. Finally, 22 subcategories were identified. Subsequently, and after axial coding, finally five ethical criteria were identified: customer information security, customer privacy, gaining customer trust, fulfilling commitments, and updating services from the perspective of e-business managers.According to the results of the research, it can be suggested that e-businesses should focus a lot on gaining customer trust and trying to create a sense of security and a close relationship with customers, and this will only be possible through observing ethics, not verbally but in a practical and tangible way for customers. Also, forming an ethics committee in businesses and continuously following up on this committee to ensure that businesses observe ethical principles can be somewhat effective. It is also suggested that businesses consider the presented model and engage in ethics-based planning for their activities.
Research Paper
Aziz Hedayati Khoshemehr; maryam samadi; Rahim Shahbazi; Abolfazl Ghasemzadeh
Abstract
1. IntroductionLibrarians in public libraries who possess low levels of information literacy may inadvertently provide incomplete or inaccurate information to users, resulting in errors and wasted time—consequences that can lead to broader organizational challenges. Investigating the relationship ...
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1. IntroductionLibrarians in public libraries who possess low levels of information literacy may inadvertently provide incomplete or inaccurate information to users, resulting in errors and wasted time—consequences that can lead to broader organizational challenges. Investigating the relationship between information literacy and factors such as professional ethics, knowledge sharing, and social capital enables the identification of existing deficiencies and facilitates long-term strategic planning to address them. Despite the significance of these interconnected variables, previous studies have not examined them collectively, nor have they assessed the specific role of public libraries within this context. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of these dynamics in public libraries remains lacking.The present study seeks to evaluate the extent to which librarians in the selected public libraries demonstrate information literacy and engage with professional ethics, knowledge sharing, and social capital. The overarching aim is to explore the occupational implications of information literacy for librarians working in public libraries and to examine its influence on the aforementioned dimensions.Research Question(s)What is the relationship between information literacy and professional ethics, knowledge sharing, and social capital in public libraries of East Azerbaijan Province?2. Literature ReviewMoradi and Bahraminia (2019), in their study titled "The Impact of Librarians' Information Literacy on the Organizational Growth of Public Libraries", found that information literacy —specifically the ability to locate, evaluate, and use information effectively—was present at a relatively acceptable level among librarians in Kermanshah’s public libraries.Hossein Tabar and Berimani (2019), in "The Relationship between Information Literacy and Social Capital with Students' Academic Satisfaction", reported a significant positive correlation between students' information literacy and social capital and their academic satisfaction. Moreover, each dimension contributed differently to predicting satisfaction outcomes.Gharibzadeh, Moeinikia, and Maqbal Sarband (2019), in their research titled "Investigating the Influence of Teachers' Ethical Decision-Making on Managers' Professional Ethics Based on the Mediating Role of Information Literacy", concluded that there is a direct, positive, and statistically significant association between teachers' information literacy and their professional ethical standards in Urmia District 2.Wojciechowska (2020), in the international study "Social Capital, Trust, and Social Activity among Librarians: Results from 20 Countries", reported that while librarians demonstrated moderate levels of individual social capital, their trust in others was relatively high.Kshirsagar (2018), in "Study of Professional Ethics of Librarians of Faculties Affiliated to Saint George Baba University of Amravati", found that over 95% of librarians were aware of ethical norms and practices in librarianship.Hemmati (2017), in "The Relationship between Information Literacy and Knowledge Management among Students and Faculty Members of Shiraz University", demonstrated a significant link between information literacy and the four core components of knowledge management: creation, storage, sharing, and application.A review of existing databases and monographs reveals that the combined exploration of all four variables—information literacy, professional ethics, knowledge sharing, and social capital—has not been previously conducted. Most prior studies have examined these dimensions in isolation or in pairs.3. MethodologyThis study employs a descriptive-correlational design, with data collection structured around structural equation modeling (SEM). In the proposed analytical framework, information literacy serves as the exogenous variable, while professional ethics, knowledge sharing, and social capital function as endogenous variables.The statistical population comprises all librarians employed in public libraries across East Azerbaijan Province—370 individuals as of 2018. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing 67 items rated on a five-point Likert scale (ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree"). A simple random sampling technique was used to select a representative sample of 250 participants, determined based on Morgan’s sample size table. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.4. ResultsThe structural model analysis revealed a chi-square value of 13.548, indicating the linearity of relationships among the latent constructs. This value, obtained at a significance level of p < 0.01, suggests that the empirical data align well with the hypothesized model.According to model fit indices, the degrees of freedom (DF) are 2.20, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) is 0.90, the Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI) is 0.87, the Incremental Fit Index (IFI) is 0.90, the Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI) is 0.89, and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) is 0.08. Collectively, these metrics indicate a satisfactory level of model fitness.Analysis of the structural paths shows that information literacy has its strongest effect on social capital, with a standardized path coefficient of β = 0.56 and t = 6.40. The next strongest relationship is between information literacy and knowledge sharing (β = 0.67, t = 6.07).Furthermore:- The relationship between employees’ information literacy and professional ethics is statistically significant, with β = 0.54 and t = 5.75 (p < 0.01).- The relationship between information literacy and knowledge sharing is confirmed with β = 0.67 and t = 6.07 (p < 0.01).- The impact of information literacy on social capital is affirmed with β = 0.56 and t = 6.40 (p < 0.01).These findings demonstrate that higher levels of information literacy among librarians correlate positively with their professional ethics, knowledge-sharing behavior, and social capital.5. ConclusionImproving information literacy levels among librarians significantly enhances their professional ethics, knowledge sharing, and social capital within public libraries. As such, library administrators should prioritize the development of information literacy competencies to foster ethical behavior, collaborative culture, and social cohesion among staff.Information-literate librarians possess the intellectual framework necessary to locate, evaluate, and utilize information effectively. They play a critical role in the creation, dissemination, and application of knowledge. Moreover, they exhibit strong moral responsibility and professional integrity, fostering mutual trust, active social interaction, and a shared sense of collective identity within their institutions
